Are you an entrepreneur?
You might be. Inside you there just might be an entrepreneur waiting to tear out.
Here are the top 10 ways to know if you’re an entrepreneur. (And for those of you that are already entrepreneurs, you can nod your head as we go along…Or disagree with me! Or add your own points!)
1. You’re passionate. Passion counts for a whole lot when it comes to being an entrepreneur. Without it, you’re dead before you even start.
2. You’re always looking for opportunities. Entrepreneurs are opportunity-seekers. Everything is an opportunity. Failures are even an opportunity.
3. You always think to yourself, “I can do that better.” You might know nothing about the retail business, but every time you walk into a big box store you have a thousand ideas on how to make it a better experience. Combined with your eye for opportunity, you can’t help but believe there’s a better way of doing things.
4. You want to live your work. Work isn’t a means to an end. It isn’t a way of collecting a paycheck and going home. You’re dreaming of something more than that, where you can live and breathe work. Not because you want to work more, you want to work smarter. You want your work to mean something. You want to experience something more than shuffling to the office at 8am, leaving at 5pm and forgetting what happened for that day.
5. You’re dreaming miles ahead while focused on what you’re doing right now. You’re a dreamer, but not a daydreamer. You’re dreaming a plan ahead while working constantly at achieving success on the details today. You’re a big-thinker but you don’t lack the ability to focus on details. Accomplish the little tasks is moving the ball forward for you…towards the big dream.
6. You’re an ego-maniac. You look at your boss and shrug. You know things could be better, and you believe strongly in your own abilities. You’ve got a big, healthy ego. It’s not unwarranted, but it’s not proven just yet either. Still, ego is important - because it’ll help you take risks, power forward and succeed.
7. You’re prepared to say, “I don’t know, but I’ll figure it out.” Your ego doesn’t preclude you from admitting that you don’t know something. Too many people fake their way through life, or duck their head when they don’t know the answer. Your response is to jump into it, learn what you can, move quickly and get some damn answers.
8. You’re a strategist. You’re not just thinking about tomorrow. You’re thinking much further ahead than that. This is a trait you share with a lot of people - career ladder-climbers and “cover your ass” employees. The difference is that you’re also a dreamer, and strategy + dreaming is very powerful indeed.
9. You’re a builder. You like to create things. You don’t care about recognition, praise from your boss, awards and money as much as you care about building something remarkable, and having others enjoy it and benefit from it.
10. You want control. You watch the world spin, shake and bumble around you and want to harness that more. You watch your boss and co-workers shuffle around each and every day and you want to rattle some chains. You want control. Seth Godin calls them torchbearers. You want to bear the torch.
So, are you an entrepreneur?
source:
http://startupspark.com/top-10-ways-you-know-youre-an-entrepreneur/
Monday, April 07, 2008
90/10 Principle
Discover the 90/10 Principle.
It will change your life (at least the way you react to situations).
What is this principle? 10% of life is made up of what happens to you. 90% of life is decided by how you react.
What does this mean? We really have no control over 10% of what happens to us. We cannot stop the car from breaking down. The plane will be late arriving, which throws our whole schedule off. A driver may cut us off in traffic.
We have no control over this 10%. The other 90% is different. You determine the other 90%.
How? ……….By your reaction.
You cannot control a red light. But you can control your reaction. Don't let people fool you; YOU can control how you react.
Let's use an example.
You are eating breakfast with your family. Your daughter knocks over a cup of coffee onto your business shirt. You have no control over what just happened.
What happens next will be determined by how you react.
You curse.
You harshly scold your daughter for knocking the cup over. She breaks down in tears. After scolding her, you turn to your spouse and criticize her for placing the cup too close to the edge of the table. A short verbal battle follows. You storm upstairs and change your shirt. Back downstairs, you find your daughter has been too busy crying to finish breakfast and get ready for school. She misses the bus.
Your spouse must leave immediately for work. You rush to the car and drive your daughter to school. Because you are late, you drive 40 miles an hour in a 30 mph speed limit.
After a 15-minute delay and throwing $60 traffic fine away, you arrive at school. Your daughter runs into the building without saying goodbye. After arriving at the office 20 minutes late, you find you forgot your briefcase. Your day has started terrible. As it continues, it seems to get worse and worse. You look forward to coming home.
When you arrive home, you find small wedge in your relationship with your spouse and daughter.
Why? …. Because of how you reacted in the morning.
Why did you have a bad day?
A) Did the coffee cause it?
B) Did your daughter cause it?
C) Did the policeman cause it?
D) Did you cause it?
The answer is “D".
You had no control over what happened with the coffee. How you reacted in those 5
seconds is what caused your bad day.
Here is what could have and should have happened.
Coffee splashes over you. Your daughter is about to cry. You gently say, "Its ok honey, you just need to be more careful next time". Grabbing a towel you rush upstairs. After grabbing a new shirt and your briefcase, you come back down in time to look through the window and see your child getting on the bus. She turns and waves. You arrive 5 minutes early and cheerfully greet the staff. Your boss comments on how good the day you are having.
Notice the difference?
Two different scenarios. Both started the same. Both ended different.
Why?
Because of how you REACTED.
You really do not have any control over 10% of what happens. The other 90% was determined by your reaction.
Here are some ways to apply the 90/10 principle. If someone says something negative about you, don't be a sponge. Let the attack roll off like water on glass. You don't have to let the negative comment affect you!
React properly and it will not ruin your day. A wrong reaction could result in losing a friend, being fired, getting stressed out etc.
How do you react if someone cuts you off in traffic? Do you lose your temper? Pound on the steering wheel? A friend of mine had the steering wheel fall off) Do you curse? Does your blood pressure skyrocket? Do you try and bump them?
WHO CARES if you arrive ten seconds later at work? Why let the cars ruin your drive?
Remember the 90/10 principle, and do not worry about it.
You are told you lost your job.
Why lose sleep and get irritated? It will work out. Use your worrying energy and time into finding another job.
The plane is late; it is going to mangle your schedule for the day. Why take outpour frustration on the flight attendant? She has no control over what is going on.
Use your time to study, get to know the other passenger. Why get stressed out? It will just make things worse.
Now you know the 90-10 principle. Apply it and you will be amazed at the results. You will lose nothing if you try it. The 90-10 principle is incredible. Very few know and apply this principle.
The result?
Millions of people are suffering from undeserved stress, trials, problems and heartache. We all must understand and apply the 90/10 principle.
It CAN change your life!!! Enjoy….
***
I got this from this forum: http://www.sulit.com.ph/forum/viewtopic.php?p=157957#157957
the member just failed to mention her source
It will change your life (at least the way you react to situations).
What is this principle? 10% of life is made up of what happens to you. 90% of life is decided by how you react.
What does this mean? We really have no control over 10% of what happens to us. We cannot stop the car from breaking down. The plane will be late arriving, which throws our whole schedule off. A driver may cut us off in traffic.
We have no control over this 10%. The other 90% is different. You determine the other 90%.
How? ……….By your reaction.
You cannot control a red light. But you can control your reaction. Don't let people fool you; YOU can control how you react.
Let's use an example.
You are eating breakfast with your family. Your daughter knocks over a cup of coffee onto your business shirt. You have no control over what just happened.
What happens next will be determined by how you react.
You curse.
You harshly scold your daughter for knocking the cup over. She breaks down in tears. After scolding her, you turn to your spouse and criticize her for placing the cup too close to the edge of the table. A short verbal battle follows. You storm upstairs and change your shirt. Back downstairs, you find your daughter has been too busy crying to finish breakfast and get ready for school. She misses the bus.
Your spouse must leave immediately for work. You rush to the car and drive your daughter to school. Because you are late, you drive 40 miles an hour in a 30 mph speed limit.
After a 15-minute delay and throwing $60 traffic fine away, you arrive at school. Your daughter runs into the building without saying goodbye. After arriving at the office 20 minutes late, you find you forgot your briefcase. Your day has started terrible. As it continues, it seems to get worse and worse. You look forward to coming home.
When you arrive home, you find small wedge in your relationship with your spouse and daughter.
Why? …. Because of how you reacted in the morning.
Why did you have a bad day?
A) Did the coffee cause it?
B) Did your daughter cause it?
C) Did the policeman cause it?
D) Did you cause it?
The answer is “D".
You had no control over what happened with the coffee. How you reacted in those 5
seconds is what caused your bad day.
Here is what could have and should have happened.
Coffee splashes over you. Your daughter is about to cry. You gently say, "Its ok honey, you just need to be more careful next time". Grabbing a towel you rush upstairs. After grabbing a new shirt and your briefcase, you come back down in time to look through the window and see your child getting on the bus. She turns and waves. You arrive 5 minutes early and cheerfully greet the staff. Your boss comments on how good the day you are having.
Notice the difference?
Two different scenarios. Both started the same. Both ended different.
Why?
Because of how you REACTED.
You really do not have any control over 10% of what happens. The other 90% was determined by your reaction.
Here are some ways to apply the 90/10 principle. If someone says something negative about you, don't be a sponge. Let the attack roll off like water on glass. You don't have to let the negative comment affect you!
React properly and it will not ruin your day. A wrong reaction could result in losing a friend, being fired, getting stressed out etc.
How do you react if someone cuts you off in traffic? Do you lose your temper? Pound on the steering wheel? A friend of mine had the steering wheel fall off) Do you curse? Does your blood pressure skyrocket? Do you try and bump them?
WHO CARES if you arrive ten seconds later at work? Why let the cars ruin your drive?
Remember the 90/10 principle, and do not worry about it.
You are told you lost your job.
Why lose sleep and get irritated? It will work out. Use your worrying energy and time into finding another job.
The plane is late; it is going to mangle your schedule for the day. Why take outpour frustration on the flight attendant? She has no control over what is going on.
Use your time to study, get to know the other passenger. Why get stressed out? It will just make things worse.
Now you know the 90-10 principle. Apply it and you will be amazed at the results. You will lose nothing if you try it. The 90-10 principle is incredible. Very few know and apply this principle.
The result?
Millions of people are suffering from undeserved stress, trials, problems and heartache. We all must understand and apply the 90/10 principle.
It CAN change your life!!! Enjoy….
***
I got this from this forum: http://www.sulit.com.ph/forum/viewtopic.php?p=157957#157957
the member just failed to mention her source
Secrets of Self-Made Millionaires
They’re just like you. But with lots of money.
By Kristyn Kusek Lewis
Success Stories
When you think “millionaire,” what image comes to mind? For many of us, it’s a flashy Wall Street banker type who flies a private jet, collects cars and lives the kind of decadent lifestyle that would make Donald Trump proud.
But many modern millionaires live in middle-class neighborhoods, work full-time and shop in discount stores like the rest of us. What motivates them isn’t material possessions but the choices that money can bring: “For the rich, it’s not about getting more stuff. It’s about having the freedom to make almost any decision you want,” says T. Harv Eker, author of Secrets of the Millionaire Mind. Wealth means you can send your child to any school or quit a job you don’t like.
According to the Spectrem Wealth Study, an annual survey of America’s wealthy, there are more people living the good life than ever before—the number of millionaires nearly doubled in the last decade. And the rich are getting richer. To make it onto the Forbes 400 list of the richest Americans, a mere billionaire no longer makes the cut. This year you needed a net worth of at least $1.3 billion.
If more people are getting richer than ever, why shouldn’t you be one of them? Here, five people who have at least a million dollars in liquid assets share the secrets that helped them get there.
1. Set your sights on where you’re going
Twenty years ago, Jeff Harris hardly seemed on the road to wealth. He was a college dropout who struggled to support his wife, DeAnn, and three kids, working as a grocery store clerk and at a junkyard where he melted scrap metal alongside convicts. “At times we were so broke that we washed our clothes in the bathtub because we couldn’t afford the Laundromat.” Now he’s a 49-year-old investment advisor and multimillionaire in York, South Carolina.
There was one big reason Jeff pulled ahead of the pack: He always knew he’d be rich. The reality is that 80 percent of Americans worth at least $5 million grew up in middle-class or lesser households, just like Jeff.
Wanting to be wealthy is a crucial first step. Says Eker, “The biggest obstacle to wealth is fear. People are afraid to think big, but if you think small, you’ll only achieve small things.”
It all started for Jeff when he met a stockbroker at a Christmas party. “Talking to him, it felt like discovering fire,” he says. “I started reading books about investing during my breaks at the grocery store, and I began putting $25 a month in a mutual fund.” Next he taught a class at a local community college on investing. His students became his first clients, which led to his investment practice. “There were lots of struggles,” says Jeff, “but what got me through it was believing with all my heart that I would succeed.”
2. Educate yourself
When Steve Maxwell graduated from college, he had an engineering degree and a high-tech job—but he couldn’t balance his checkbook. “I took one finance class in college but dropped it to go on a ski trip,” says the 45-year-old father of three, who lives in Windsor, Colorado. “I actually had to go to my bank and ask them to teach me how to read my statement.”
One of the biggest obstacles to making money is not understanding it: Thousands of us avoid investing because we just don’t get it. But to make money, you must be financially literate. “It bothered me that I didn’t understand this stuff,” says Steve, “so I read books and magazines about money management and investing, and I asked every financial whiz I knew to explain things to me.”
He and his wife started applying the lessons: They made a point to live below their means. They never bought on impulse, always negotiated better deals (on their cars, cable bills, furniture) and stayed in their home long after they could afford a more expensive one. They also put 20 percent of their annual salary into investments.
Within ten years, they were millionaires, and people were coming to Steve for advice. “Someone would say, ‘I need to refinance my house—what should I do?’ A lot of times, I wouldn’t know the answer, but I’d go find it and learn something in the process,” he says.
In 2003, Steve quit his job to become part owner of a company that holds personal finance seminars for employees of corporations like Wal-Mart. He also started going to real estate investment seminars, and it’s paid off: He now owns $30 million worth of investment properties, including apartment complexes, a shopping mall and a quarry.
“I was an engineer who never thought this life was possible, but all it truly takes is a little self-education,” says Steve. “You can do anything once you understand the basics.”
3. Passion pays off
In 1995, Jill Blashack Strahan and her husband were barely making ends meet. Like so many of us, Jill was eager to discover her purpose, so she splurged on a session with a life coach. “When I told her my goal was to make $30,000 a year, she said I was setting the bar too low. I needed to focus on my passion, not on the paycheck.”
Jill, who lives with her son in Alexandria, Minnesota, owned a gift basket company and earned just $15,000 a year. She noticed when she let potential buyers taste the food items, the baskets sold like crazy. Jill thought, Why not sell the food directly to customers in a fun setting?
With $6,000 in savings, a bank loan and a friend’s investment, Jill started packaging gourmet foods in a backyard shed and selling them at taste-testing parties. It wasn’t easy. “I remember sitting outside one day, thinking we were three months behind on our house payment, I had two employees I couldn’t pay, and I ought to get a real job. But then I thought, No, this is your dream. Recommit and get to work.”
She stuck with it, even after her husband died three years later. “I live by the law of abundance, meaning that even when there are challenges in life, I look for the win-win,” she says.
The positive attitude worked: Jill’s backyard company, Tastefully Simple, is now a direct-sales business, with $120 million in sales last year. And Jill was named one of the top 25 female business owners in North America by Fast Company magazine.
According to research by Thomas J. Stanley, author of The Millionaire Mind, over 80 percent of millionaires say they never would have been successful if their vocation wasn’t something they cared about.
4. Grow your money
Most of us know the never-ending cycle of living paycheck to paycheck. “The fastest way to get out of that pattern is to make extra money for the specific purpose of reinvesting in yourself,” says Loral Langemeier, author of The Millionaire Maker. In other words, earmark some money for the sole purpose of investing it in a place where it will grow dramatically—like a business or real estate.
There are endless ways to make extra money for investing—you just have to be willing to do the work. “Everyone has a marketable skill,” says Langemeier. “When I started out, I had a tutoring business, seeing clients in the morning before work and on my lunch break.”
A little moonlighting cash really can grow into a million. Twenty-five years ago, Rick Sikorski dreamed of owning a personal training business. “I rented a tiny studio where I charged $15 an hour,” he says. When money started trickling in, he squirreled it away instead of spending it, putting it all back into the business. Rick’s 400-square-foot studio is now Fitness Together, a franchise based in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, with more than 360 locations worldwide. And he’s worth over $40 million.
When extra money rolls in, it’s easy to think, Now I can buy that new TV. But if you want to get rich, you need to pay yourself first, by putting money where it will work hard for you—whether that’s in your retirement fund, a side business or investments like real estate.
5. No guts, no glory
Last summer, Dave Lindahl footed the bill for 18 relatives at a fancy mansion in the Adirondacks. One night, his dad looked out at the scenery and joked, “I can’t believe we used to call you the black sheep!”
At 29, Dave was broke, living in a small apartment near Boston and wondering what to do after ten years in a local rock band. “I looked around and thought, If I don’t do something, I’ll be stuck here forever.”
He started a landscape company, buying his equipment on credit. When business literally froze over that winter, a banker friend asked if he’d like to renovate a foreclosed home. “I’m a terrible carpenter, but I needed the money, so I went to some free seminars at Home Depot and figured it out as I went,” he says.
After a few more renovations, it occurred to him: Why not buy the homes and sell them for profit? He took a risk and bought his first property. Using the proceeds, he bought another, and another. Twelve years later, he owns apartment buildings, worth $143 million, in eight states.
The Biggest Secret? Stop spending.
Every millionaire we spoke to has one thing in common: Not a single one spends needlessly. Real estate investor Dave Lindahl drives a Ford Explorer and says his middle-class neighbors would be shocked to learn how much he’s worth. Fitness mogul Rick Sikorski can’t fathom why anyone would buy bottled water. Steve Maxwell, the finance teacher, looked at a $1.5 million home but decided to buy one for half the price because “a house with double the cost wouldn’t give me double the enjoyment.”
It’s not a fluke: According to the 2007 Annual Survey of Affluence & Wealth in America, some of the richest people “spend their money with a middle-class mind-set.” They clip coupons, wait for sales and buy luxury items at a discount.
No kidding! Talk show host Tyra Banks calls herself the Queen of Cheap and keeps perfume samples from magazine ads in her purse for quick touch-ups.
Sara Blakely, founder of the $100 million shapewear company Spanx, gets her hair trimmed at Supercuts.
And Warren Buffett, the third richest person in the world, according to Forbes, lives in the same Omaha, Nebraska, home he bought four decades ago for $31,500.
source:
http://www.rd.com/content/secrets-of-successful-entrepreneurs/
By Kristyn Kusek Lewis
Success Stories
When you think “millionaire,” what image comes to mind? For many of us, it’s a flashy Wall Street banker type who flies a private jet, collects cars and lives the kind of decadent lifestyle that would make Donald Trump proud.
But many modern millionaires live in middle-class neighborhoods, work full-time and shop in discount stores like the rest of us. What motivates them isn’t material possessions but the choices that money can bring: “For the rich, it’s not about getting more stuff. It’s about having the freedom to make almost any decision you want,” says T. Harv Eker, author of Secrets of the Millionaire Mind. Wealth means you can send your child to any school or quit a job you don’t like.
According to the Spectrem Wealth Study, an annual survey of America’s wealthy, there are more people living the good life than ever before—the number of millionaires nearly doubled in the last decade. And the rich are getting richer. To make it onto the Forbes 400 list of the richest Americans, a mere billionaire no longer makes the cut. This year you needed a net worth of at least $1.3 billion.
If more people are getting richer than ever, why shouldn’t you be one of them? Here, five people who have at least a million dollars in liquid assets share the secrets that helped them get there.
1. Set your sights on where you’re going
Twenty years ago, Jeff Harris hardly seemed on the road to wealth. He was a college dropout who struggled to support his wife, DeAnn, and three kids, working as a grocery store clerk and at a junkyard where he melted scrap metal alongside convicts. “At times we were so broke that we washed our clothes in the bathtub because we couldn’t afford the Laundromat.” Now he’s a 49-year-old investment advisor and multimillionaire in York, South Carolina.
There was one big reason Jeff pulled ahead of the pack: He always knew he’d be rich. The reality is that 80 percent of Americans worth at least $5 million grew up in middle-class or lesser households, just like Jeff.
Wanting to be wealthy is a crucial first step. Says Eker, “The biggest obstacle to wealth is fear. People are afraid to think big, but if you think small, you’ll only achieve small things.”
It all started for Jeff when he met a stockbroker at a Christmas party. “Talking to him, it felt like discovering fire,” he says. “I started reading books about investing during my breaks at the grocery store, and I began putting $25 a month in a mutual fund.” Next he taught a class at a local community college on investing. His students became his first clients, which led to his investment practice. “There were lots of struggles,” says Jeff, “but what got me through it was believing with all my heart that I would succeed.”
2. Educate yourself
When Steve Maxwell graduated from college, he had an engineering degree and a high-tech job—but he couldn’t balance his checkbook. “I took one finance class in college but dropped it to go on a ski trip,” says the 45-year-old father of three, who lives in Windsor, Colorado. “I actually had to go to my bank and ask them to teach me how to read my statement.”
One of the biggest obstacles to making money is not understanding it: Thousands of us avoid investing because we just don’t get it. But to make money, you must be financially literate. “It bothered me that I didn’t understand this stuff,” says Steve, “so I read books and magazines about money management and investing, and I asked every financial whiz I knew to explain things to me.”
He and his wife started applying the lessons: They made a point to live below their means. They never bought on impulse, always negotiated better deals (on their cars, cable bills, furniture) and stayed in their home long after they could afford a more expensive one. They also put 20 percent of their annual salary into investments.
Within ten years, they were millionaires, and people were coming to Steve for advice. “Someone would say, ‘I need to refinance my house—what should I do?’ A lot of times, I wouldn’t know the answer, but I’d go find it and learn something in the process,” he says.
In 2003, Steve quit his job to become part owner of a company that holds personal finance seminars for employees of corporations like Wal-Mart. He also started going to real estate investment seminars, and it’s paid off: He now owns $30 million worth of investment properties, including apartment complexes, a shopping mall and a quarry.
“I was an engineer who never thought this life was possible, but all it truly takes is a little self-education,” says Steve. “You can do anything once you understand the basics.”
3. Passion pays off
In 1995, Jill Blashack Strahan and her husband were barely making ends meet. Like so many of us, Jill was eager to discover her purpose, so she splurged on a session with a life coach. “When I told her my goal was to make $30,000 a year, she said I was setting the bar too low. I needed to focus on my passion, not on the paycheck.”
Jill, who lives with her son in Alexandria, Minnesota, owned a gift basket company and earned just $15,000 a year. She noticed when she let potential buyers taste the food items, the baskets sold like crazy. Jill thought, Why not sell the food directly to customers in a fun setting?
With $6,000 in savings, a bank loan and a friend’s investment, Jill started packaging gourmet foods in a backyard shed and selling them at taste-testing parties. It wasn’t easy. “I remember sitting outside one day, thinking we were three months behind on our house payment, I had two employees I couldn’t pay, and I ought to get a real job. But then I thought, No, this is your dream. Recommit and get to work.”
She stuck with it, even after her husband died three years later. “I live by the law of abundance, meaning that even when there are challenges in life, I look for the win-win,” she says.
The positive attitude worked: Jill’s backyard company, Tastefully Simple, is now a direct-sales business, with $120 million in sales last year. And Jill was named one of the top 25 female business owners in North America by Fast Company magazine.
According to research by Thomas J. Stanley, author of The Millionaire Mind, over 80 percent of millionaires say they never would have been successful if their vocation wasn’t something they cared about.
4. Grow your money
Most of us know the never-ending cycle of living paycheck to paycheck. “The fastest way to get out of that pattern is to make extra money for the specific purpose of reinvesting in yourself,” says Loral Langemeier, author of The Millionaire Maker. In other words, earmark some money for the sole purpose of investing it in a place where it will grow dramatically—like a business or real estate.
There are endless ways to make extra money for investing—you just have to be willing to do the work. “Everyone has a marketable skill,” says Langemeier. “When I started out, I had a tutoring business, seeing clients in the morning before work and on my lunch break.”
A little moonlighting cash really can grow into a million. Twenty-five years ago, Rick Sikorski dreamed of owning a personal training business. “I rented a tiny studio where I charged $15 an hour,” he says. When money started trickling in, he squirreled it away instead of spending it, putting it all back into the business. Rick’s 400-square-foot studio is now Fitness Together, a franchise based in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, with more than 360 locations worldwide. And he’s worth over $40 million.
When extra money rolls in, it’s easy to think, Now I can buy that new TV. But if you want to get rich, you need to pay yourself first, by putting money where it will work hard for you—whether that’s in your retirement fund, a side business or investments like real estate.
5. No guts, no glory
Last summer, Dave Lindahl footed the bill for 18 relatives at a fancy mansion in the Adirondacks. One night, his dad looked out at the scenery and joked, “I can’t believe we used to call you the black sheep!”
At 29, Dave was broke, living in a small apartment near Boston and wondering what to do after ten years in a local rock band. “I looked around and thought, If I don’t do something, I’ll be stuck here forever.”
He started a landscape company, buying his equipment on credit. When business literally froze over that winter, a banker friend asked if he’d like to renovate a foreclosed home. “I’m a terrible carpenter, but I needed the money, so I went to some free seminars at Home Depot and figured it out as I went,” he says.
After a few more renovations, it occurred to him: Why not buy the homes and sell them for profit? He took a risk and bought his first property. Using the proceeds, he bought another, and another. Twelve years later, he owns apartment buildings, worth $143 million, in eight states.
The Biggest Secret? Stop spending.
Every millionaire we spoke to has one thing in common: Not a single one spends needlessly. Real estate investor Dave Lindahl drives a Ford Explorer and says his middle-class neighbors would be shocked to learn how much he’s worth. Fitness mogul Rick Sikorski can’t fathom why anyone would buy bottled water. Steve Maxwell, the finance teacher, looked at a $1.5 million home but decided to buy one for half the price because “a house with double the cost wouldn’t give me double the enjoyment.”
It’s not a fluke: According to the 2007 Annual Survey of Affluence & Wealth in America, some of the richest people “spend their money with a middle-class mind-set.” They clip coupons, wait for sales and buy luxury items at a discount.
No kidding! Talk show host Tyra Banks calls herself the Queen of Cheap and keeps perfume samples from magazine ads in her purse for quick touch-ups.
Sara Blakely, founder of the $100 million shapewear company Spanx, gets her hair trimmed at Supercuts.
And Warren Buffett, the third richest person in the world, according to Forbes, lives in the same Omaha, Nebraska, home he bought four decades ago for $31,500.
source:
http://www.rd.com/content/secrets-of-successful-entrepreneurs/
10 Hard Ways to Make Your Life Better
1. Start a business
My dad, who has been self-employed almost all his life, used to tell me that “Only jerks work for jerks.” Working for someone else puts you at their mercy and subjects you to their whims — and often their poor management skills. Not only that, but the profit of your labor goes into their pockets.
Starting a business puts you in control of your work life, and your money. It’s hard — small businesses fail every day. But the rewards of even a failed venture can far outweigh the risk. Just knowing that your failure was the result of your own choices — instead of a decision made at a corporate office a thousand miles away — can be liberating.
2. Organize a group
What makes you passionate? Chances are, being around other people who are passionate about the same thing would make you even more passionate about it. Often the only thing keeping you and them from coming together is that nobody’s put out a sign saying “Come and talk!” Getting a group going is a tremendous challenge, and very often the personality of the founder leaves a tremendous mark on the group as a whole. Seeing a group grow and take off can be tremendously awarding — but even failing can teach you important things about leadership.
3. Volunteer
I don’t mean spend Thanksgiving at a soup kitchen, though that can often be challenging enough. What I mean, though, is to make a long-term investment in your community by joining school committees, donating three hours a week in a shelter, hosting a monthly read-along at the library, tutoring at-risk children after school, teaching adult literacy classes at a local prison, or any of a million ways to play a role in the lives of people who need you. Perhaps the most pressing need in our society is for people to take an interest in and engage with their communities.
4. Take an active role in your children’s’ activities
Pick one thing your child does and commit yourself to it. Coach their team, become a Brownie leader, spend a weekend day in the workshop with them, buy a bike and ride along with them — make their passions your own. Don’t crowd them — especially if you have teenagers — but show them that you value something they do by giving them your time and interest.
5. Start a family
I don’t mean have kids. That can be all too easy! Make the decision to have a family, which means to give of yourself fully to another person or several people. Risk being vulnerable by sharing your fears, quirks, and failures with someone else; you might find it makes you stronger than ever before.
This transcends marriage and parenthood. There are lots of people who can’t marry because the law prevents it. There are people who can’t have children. These are not the essential ingredients of family. The essential ingredients are love, mutual respect, trust, and open giving. Find (or make) someone you can share that with.
6. Write a book
It feels really, really good to see your name on a book cover, but it feels even better to know that someone, somewhere, might find his or her life changed by something you’ve written. Share your particular expertise, whether it’s story-telling or woodworking, with the world — or just your family. Time isn’t the big issue (though it is an issue — don’t let the positive thinkists tell you otherwise!) but if you commit yourself to a page a day — a couple hundred words — within a year you’ll have a pretty decent-sized manuscript. That’s something to work with!
7. Learn an art
Take painting lessons, a pottery workshop, a music class, whatever — learn to express yourself and you might find a self worth expressing. Don’t settle for being a “Sunday painter” — devote yourself to an art and master it.
8. Run for office
The world needs smart, dedicated, and upright people to take care of all the fiddly details of making things run. As it happens, running for local office isn’t as challenging as you’d think (which isn’t to say it’s easy) — Michael Moore, the filmmaker, ran for school board while he was still in high school. Just for kicks. And won! It’s fine to have your heart set on the White House or Capital Hill, but try your hand at city councilperson, county registrar, or something closer to home first. And be clean — run for the experience of putting your community on a better path, and not for the power.
9. Take up a sport
Enough with the working out already! Sure, you want to be healthy, but the whole treadmill-running, iPod-listening, 45-minutes-after-work thing is a little anti-social, don’t you think? OK, you want some solitude once in a while — fine. But at least add a sport, something you do with other people. You’ll be spending time interacting with others, while also developing team-building and leadership skills. And, you might learn something from your fellow players.
10. Set an outrageous goal — and achieve it!
The nine tips above are only a handful of ideas about how to make your life better. Maybe you want to record an album, climb a mountain, make the Hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca), see 20 countries — don’t just settle for tiny goals, push yourself all the way to the edge and figure out how to make the craziest thing you can think of happen. Yes, you’ll have to learn a lot along the way, and plan months or even years in advance — that’s what makes outlandish goals worthwhile.
I don’t want to suggest that you need to do all these things to be happy — doing just one is quite a handful! But if you’re unhappy with your life, if you want to make a change for the better, you need to think big and you need to be ready to put in the work to make it happen. It’s easy to “visualize success” and to “think positively”; it’s not so easy to throw yourself into the unknown and make it work. But if you can make it work, you’ll gain far more than you can imagine.
Source: http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/10-hard-ways-to-make-your-life-better.html
My dad, who has been self-employed almost all his life, used to tell me that “Only jerks work for jerks.” Working for someone else puts you at their mercy and subjects you to their whims — and often their poor management skills. Not only that, but the profit of your labor goes into their pockets.
Starting a business puts you in control of your work life, and your money. It’s hard — small businesses fail every day. But the rewards of even a failed venture can far outweigh the risk. Just knowing that your failure was the result of your own choices — instead of a decision made at a corporate office a thousand miles away — can be liberating.
2. Organize a group
What makes you passionate? Chances are, being around other people who are passionate about the same thing would make you even more passionate about it. Often the only thing keeping you and them from coming together is that nobody’s put out a sign saying “Come and talk!” Getting a group going is a tremendous challenge, and very often the personality of the founder leaves a tremendous mark on the group as a whole. Seeing a group grow and take off can be tremendously awarding — but even failing can teach you important things about leadership.
3. Volunteer
I don’t mean spend Thanksgiving at a soup kitchen, though that can often be challenging enough. What I mean, though, is to make a long-term investment in your community by joining school committees, donating three hours a week in a shelter, hosting a monthly read-along at the library, tutoring at-risk children after school, teaching adult literacy classes at a local prison, or any of a million ways to play a role in the lives of people who need you. Perhaps the most pressing need in our society is for people to take an interest in and engage with their communities.
4. Take an active role in your children’s’ activities
Pick one thing your child does and commit yourself to it. Coach their team, become a Brownie leader, spend a weekend day in the workshop with them, buy a bike and ride along with them — make their passions your own. Don’t crowd them — especially if you have teenagers — but show them that you value something they do by giving them your time and interest.
5. Start a family
I don’t mean have kids. That can be all too easy! Make the decision to have a family, which means to give of yourself fully to another person or several people. Risk being vulnerable by sharing your fears, quirks, and failures with someone else; you might find it makes you stronger than ever before.
This transcends marriage and parenthood. There are lots of people who can’t marry because the law prevents it. There are people who can’t have children. These are not the essential ingredients of family. The essential ingredients are love, mutual respect, trust, and open giving. Find (or make) someone you can share that with.
6. Write a book
It feels really, really good to see your name on a book cover, but it feels even better to know that someone, somewhere, might find his or her life changed by something you’ve written. Share your particular expertise, whether it’s story-telling or woodworking, with the world — or just your family. Time isn’t the big issue (though it is an issue — don’t let the positive thinkists tell you otherwise!) but if you commit yourself to a page a day — a couple hundred words — within a year you’ll have a pretty decent-sized manuscript. That’s something to work with!
7. Learn an art
Take painting lessons, a pottery workshop, a music class, whatever — learn to express yourself and you might find a self worth expressing. Don’t settle for being a “Sunday painter” — devote yourself to an art and master it.
8. Run for office
The world needs smart, dedicated, and upright people to take care of all the fiddly details of making things run. As it happens, running for local office isn’t as challenging as you’d think (which isn’t to say it’s easy) — Michael Moore, the filmmaker, ran for school board while he was still in high school. Just for kicks. And won! It’s fine to have your heart set on the White House or Capital Hill, but try your hand at city councilperson, county registrar, or something closer to home first. And be clean — run for the experience of putting your community on a better path, and not for the power.
9. Take up a sport
Enough with the working out already! Sure, you want to be healthy, but the whole treadmill-running, iPod-listening, 45-minutes-after-work thing is a little anti-social, don’t you think? OK, you want some solitude once in a while — fine. But at least add a sport, something you do with other people. You’ll be spending time interacting with others, while also developing team-building and leadership skills. And, you might learn something from your fellow players.
10. Set an outrageous goal — and achieve it!
The nine tips above are only a handful of ideas about how to make your life better. Maybe you want to record an album, climb a mountain, make the Hajj (the pilgrimage to Mecca), see 20 countries — don’t just settle for tiny goals, push yourself all the way to the edge and figure out how to make the craziest thing you can think of happen. Yes, you’ll have to learn a lot along the way, and plan months or even years in advance — that’s what makes outlandish goals worthwhile.
I don’t want to suggest that you need to do all these things to be happy — doing just one is quite a handful! But if you’re unhappy with your life, if you want to make a change for the better, you need to think big and you need to be ready to put in the work to make it happen. It’s easy to “visualize success” and to “think positively”; it’s not so easy to throw yourself into the unknown and make it work. But if you can make it work, you’ll gain far more than you can imagine.
Source: http://www.lifehack.org/articles/lifestyle/10-hard-ways-to-make-your-life-better.html
Saturday, April 05, 2008
JOHN GOKONGWEI: THE FIRST UKAY-UKAY DEALER!
JOHN GOKONGWEI: THE FIRST UKAY-UKAY DEALER!
Speech of John Gokongwei before Ateneo Graduates.
I wish I were one of you today, instead of a 77-year-old man, giving a speech you will probably forget when you wake up from your hangover tomorrow. You may be surprised I feel this way. Many of you are feeling fearful and apprehensive about your future. You are thinking that, perhaps, your Ateneo diploma will not mean a whole lot in the future in a country with too many problems. And you are probably right. You are thinking that our country is slipping-no, sliding. Again, you may be right. Twenty years ago, we were at par with countries like Thailand , Malaysia , and Singapore .
Today, we are left way behind. You know the facts. Twenty years ago, the per capita income of the Filipino was 1,000 US dollars. Today, it's 1,100 dollars. That's a growth of only ten percent in twenty years. Meanwhile, Thailand 's per capita income today is double ours; Malaysia , triple ours; and Singapore , almost twenty times ours. With globalization coming, you know it is even more urgent to wake up. Trade barriers are falling, which means we will have to compete harder. In the new world, entrepreneurs will be forced to invest their money where it is most efficient. And that is not necessarily in the Philippines . Even for Filipino entrepreneurs, that can be the case.
For example, a Filipino brand like Maxx candy can be manufactured in Bangkok-where labor, taxes, power and financing are cheaper and more efficien t-and then exported to other ASEAN countries. This will be a common scenario-if things do not change. Pretty soon, we will become a nation that buys everything and produces practically nothing. We will be like the prodigal son who took his father's money and spent it all. The difference is that we do not have a generous father to run back to. But despite this, I am still very excited about the future. I will tell you why later. You have been taught at the Ateneo to be "a person for others." Of course, that is noble: To serve your countrymen. Question is: How? And my answer is: Be an entrepreneur! You may think I am just a foolish man talking mundane stuff when the question before him is almost philosophical. But I am being very thoughtful here, and if I may presume this about myself, being patriotic as well.
Entrepreneurship is the answer. We need young people who will find the idea, grab the opportunity, take risk, and set aside comfort to set up businesses that will provide jobs. But why? What are jobs? Jobs are what allow people to feel useful and build their self-esteem. Jobs make people productive members of the community. Jobs make people feel they are worthy citizens. And jobs make a country worthy players in the world market. In that order of things, it is the entrepreneurs who have the power to harness the creativity and talents of others to achieve a common good. This should leave the world a better place than it was.
Let me make it clear: Job creation is a priority for any nation to move forward. For example, it is the young entrepreneurs of Malaysia , Thailand , and Singapore who created the dynamic businesses that have propelled their countries to the top. Young people like yourselves. Meanwhile, in the Philippines , progress is slow. Very little is new. Hardly anything is fresh. With a few exceptions, the biggest companies before the war-like PLDT, Ayala, and San Miguel-are still the biggest companies today. All right, being from the Ateneo, many of you probably have offers from these corporations already.
You may even have offers from JG Summit. I say: Great! Take these offers, work as hard as you can, learn everything these companies can teach-and then leave! If you dream of creating something great, do not let a 9-to-5 job-even a high-paying one-lull you into a complacent, comfortable life. Let that high-paying job propel you toward entrepreneurship instead. When I speak of the hardship ahead, I do not mean to be skeptical but realistic. Even you Ateneans, who are famous for your eloquence, you cannot talk your way out of this one. There is nothing to do but to deal with it. I learned this lesson when, as a 13-year-old, I lost my dad. Before that, I was like many of you: a privileged kid.
I went to Cebu 's best school; lived in a big house; and got free entrance to the Vision, the largest movie house in Cebu , which my father owned. Then my dad died, and I lost all these. My family had become poor-poor enough to split my family. My mother and five siblings moved to China where the cost of living was lower. I was placed under the care of my Grand Uncle Manuel Gotianuy, who put me through school. But just two years later, the war broke out, and even my Uncle Manuel could no longer see me through. I was out in the streets-literally. Looking back, this time was one of the best times of my life. We lost everything, true, but so did everybody! War was the great equalizer. In that setting, anyone who was willing to size up the situation, use his wits, and work hard, could make it! It was every man for himself, and I had to find a way to support myself and my family. I decided to be a market vendor. Why? Because it was something that I, a 15-year-old boy in short pants, could do.
I started by selling simple products in the palengke half an hour by bike from the city. I had a bicycle. I would wake up at five in the morning, load thread, soap and candles into my bike, and rush to the palengke. I would rent a stall for one peso a day, lay out my goods on a table as big as this podium, and begin selling. I did that the whole day. I sold about twenty pesos of goods every day. Today, twenty pesos will only allow you to send twenty text messages to y our crush, but 63 years ago, it was enough to support my family. And it left me enough to plow back into my small, but growing, business. I was the youngest vendor in the palengke, but that didn't faze me. In fact, I rather saw it as an opportunity. Remember, that was 63 years and 100 pounds ago, so I could move faster, stay under the sun more, and keep selling longer than everyone else.
Then, when I had enough money and more confidence, I decided to travel to Manila from Cebu to sell all kinds of goods like rubber tires. Instead of my bike, I now traveled on a batel-a boat so small that on windless days, we would just float there. On bad days, the trip could take two weeks! During one trip, our batel sank! We would have all perished in the sea were it not for my inventory of tires. The viajeros were happy because my tires saved their lives, and I was happy because the viajeros, by hanging on to them, saved my tires. On these long and lonely trips I had to entertain myself with books, like Gone With The Wind. After the war, I had s aved up 50,000 pesos. That was when you could buy a chicken for 20 centavos and a car for 2,000 pesos. I was 19 years old.
Now I had enough money to bring my family home from China. Once they were all here, they helped me expand our trading business to include imports. Remember that the war had left the Philippines with very few goods. So we imported whatever was needed and imported them from everywhere-includin g used clothes and textile remnants from the United States . We were probably the first ukay-ukay dealers here.
Then, when I had gained more experience and built my reputation, I borrowed money from the bank and got into manufacturing. I saw that coffee was abundant, and Nescafe of Nestle was too expensive for a country still rebuilding from the war, so my company created Blend 45. That was our first branded hit. And from there, we had enough profits to launch Jack and Jill. From one market stall, we are now in nine core businesses-includin g retail, real estate, publishing, petrochemicals, textiles, banking, food manufacturing, Cebu Pacific Air and Sun Cellular.
When we had shown success in the smaller businesses, we were able to raise money in the capital markets-through IPOs and bond offerings-- and then get into more complex, capital-intensive enterprises. We did it slow, but sure. Success doesn't happen overnight. It's the small successes achieved day by day that build a company. So, don't be impatient or focused on immediate financial rewards. I only started flying business class when I got too fat to fit in the economy seats. And I even wore a used overcoat while courting my wife-it came from my ukay-ukay business.
Thank God Elizabeth didn't mind the mothball smell of my coat or maybe she wouldn't have married me. Save what you earn and plow it back. And never forget your families! Your parents deni ed themselves many things to send you here. They could have traveled around the world a couple of times with the money they set aside for your education, and your social life, and your comforts. Remember them-and thank them. When you have families of your own, you must be home with them for at least one meal everyday. I did that while I was building my company. Now, with all my six children married, I ask that we spend every Sunday lunch together, when everything under the sun is discussed. As it is with business, so it is with family.
There are no short cuts for building either one. Remember, no short cuts. Saint Ignatius of Loyola, your patron saint, and founder of this 450-year old organization I admire, described an ideal Jesuit as one who "lives with one foot raised." I believe that means someone who is always ready to respond to opportunities. Saint Ignatius knew that, to build a successful organization, he needed to recruit and educate men who were not afraid of change but were in fact excited by it. In fact, the Jesuits were one of the earliest practitioners of globalization. As early as the 16th century, upon reaching a foreign country, they compiled dictionaries in local languages, like Tamil and Vietnamese, so that they could spread their message in the local language.
In a few centuries, they have been able to spread their mission in many countries through education. The Jesuits have another quote. "Make the whole world your house" which means that the ideal Jesuit must be at home everywhere. By adapting to change , but at the same time staying true to their beliefs, the Society of Jesus has become the long-lasting and successful organization it is today and has made the world their house.
So, let's live with one foot raised in facing the next big opportunity: globalization. Globalization can be your greatest enemy. It will be your downfall if you are too afraid and too weak to fight it out. But it can also be your biggest ally. With the Asian Free Trade agreement and tariffs near zero, your market has grown from 80 million Filipinos to half a billion Southeast Asians. Imagine what that means to you as an entrepreneur if you are able to find a need and fill it. And imagine, too, what that will do for the economy of our country! Yes, our government may not be perfect, and our economic environment not ideal, but true entrepreneurs will find opportunities anywhere. Look at the young Filipino entrepreneurs who made it. When I say young-and I'm 77, remember-I am talking about those in their 50s and below.
Tony Tan of Jollibee, Ben Chan of Bench, Rolando Hortaleza of Splash, and Wilson Lim of Abensons. They're the guys who weren't content with the 9-to-5 job, who were willing to delay their gratification and comfort, and who created something new, something fresh. Something Filipinos are now very proud of. They all started small but now sell their hamburgers, T-shirts and cosmetics in Asia, America , and the Middle East In doing so, these young Filipino entrepreneurs created jobs while doing something they were passionate about. Globalization is an opportunity of a lifetime-for you. And that is why I want to be out there with you instead of here behind this podium-perhaps too old and too slow to seize the opportunities you can. Let me leave you with one last thought. Trade barriers have fallen.
The only barriers left are the ba rriers you have in your mind. So, Ateneans, heed the call of entrepreneurship. With a little bit of will and a little bit of imagination, you can turn this crisis into your patriotic moment-and truly become a person for others. "Live with one foot raised and make the world your house."
To this great University, my sincerest thanks for this singular honor conferred on me today. To the graduates, congratulations and Godspeed. "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam". Thank you.
***
if you want to join online business communities and learn new things about business and entrepreneurship, post advertisements for your products, click the links below. Thank you!
http://lycheemelon. sulit.com. ph/
http://forums. pinoybusiness. org/index. php?action= register; inviter=7945
Speech of John Gokongwei before Ateneo Graduates.
I wish I were one of you today, instead of a 77-year-old man, giving a speech you will probably forget when you wake up from your hangover tomorrow. You may be surprised I feel this way. Many of you are feeling fearful and apprehensive about your future. You are thinking that, perhaps, your Ateneo diploma will not mean a whole lot in the future in a country with too many problems. And you are probably right. You are thinking that our country is slipping-no, sliding. Again, you may be right. Twenty years ago, we were at par with countries like Thailand , Malaysia , and Singapore .
Today, we are left way behind. You know the facts. Twenty years ago, the per capita income of the Filipino was 1,000 US dollars. Today, it's 1,100 dollars. That's a growth of only ten percent in twenty years. Meanwhile, Thailand 's per capita income today is double ours; Malaysia , triple ours; and Singapore , almost twenty times ours. With globalization coming, you know it is even more urgent to wake up. Trade barriers are falling, which means we will have to compete harder. In the new world, entrepreneurs will be forced to invest their money where it is most efficient. And that is not necessarily in the Philippines . Even for Filipino entrepreneurs, that can be the case.
For example, a Filipino brand like Maxx candy can be manufactured in Bangkok-where labor, taxes, power and financing are cheaper and more efficien t-and then exported to other ASEAN countries. This will be a common scenario-if things do not change. Pretty soon, we will become a nation that buys everything and produces practically nothing. We will be like the prodigal son who took his father's money and spent it all. The difference is that we do not have a generous father to run back to. But despite this, I am still very excited about the future. I will tell you why later. You have been taught at the Ateneo to be "a person for others." Of course, that is noble: To serve your countrymen. Question is: How? And my answer is: Be an entrepreneur! You may think I am just a foolish man talking mundane stuff when the question before him is almost philosophical. But I am being very thoughtful here, and if I may presume this about myself, being patriotic as well.
Entrepreneurship is the answer. We need young people who will find the idea, grab the opportunity, take risk, and set aside comfort to set up businesses that will provide jobs. But why? What are jobs? Jobs are what allow people to feel useful and build their self-esteem. Jobs make people productive members of the community. Jobs make people feel they are worthy citizens. And jobs make a country worthy players in the world market. In that order of things, it is the entrepreneurs who have the power to harness the creativity and talents of others to achieve a common good. This should leave the world a better place than it was.
Let me make it clear: Job creation is a priority for any nation to move forward. For example, it is the young entrepreneurs of Malaysia , Thailand , and Singapore who created the dynamic businesses that have propelled their countries to the top. Young people like yourselves. Meanwhile, in the Philippines , progress is slow. Very little is new. Hardly anything is fresh. With a few exceptions, the biggest companies before the war-like PLDT, Ayala, and San Miguel-are still the biggest companies today. All right, being from the Ateneo, many of you probably have offers from these corporations already.
You may even have offers from JG Summit. I say: Great! Take these offers, work as hard as you can, learn everything these companies can teach-and then leave! If you dream of creating something great, do not let a 9-to-5 job-even a high-paying one-lull you into a complacent, comfortable life. Let that high-paying job propel you toward entrepreneurship instead. When I speak of the hardship ahead, I do not mean to be skeptical but realistic. Even you Ateneans, who are famous for your eloquence, you cannot talk your way out of this one. There is nothing to do but to deal with it. I learned this lesson when, as a 13-year-old, I lost my dad. Before that, I was like many of you: a privileged kid.
I went to Cebu 's best school; lived in a big house; and got free entrance to the Vision, the largest movie house in Cebu , which my father owned. Then my dad died, and I lost all these. My family had become poor-poor enough to split my family. My mother and five siblings moved to China where the cost of living was lower. I was placed under the care of my Grand Uncle Manuel Gotianuy, who put me through school. But just two years later, the war broke out, and even my Uncle Manuel could no longer see me through. I was out in the streets-literally. Looking back, this time was one of the best times of my life. We lost everything, true, but so did everybody! War was the great equalizer. In that setting, anyone who was willing to size up the situation, use his wits, and work hard, could make it! It was every man for himself, and I had to find a way to support myself and my family. I decided to be a market vendor. Why? Because it was something that I, a 15-year-old boy in short pants, could do.
I started by selling simple products in the palengke half an hour by bike from the city. I had a bicycle. I would wake up at five in the morning, load thread, soap and candles into my bike, and rush to the palengke. I would rent a stall for one peso a day, lay out my goods on a table as big as this podium, and begin selling. I did that the whole day. I sold about twenty pesos of goods every day. Today, twenty pesos will only allow you to send twenty text messages to y our crush, but 63 years ago, it was enough to support my family. And it left me enough to plow back into my small, but growing, business. I was the youngest vendor in the palengke, but that didn't faze me. In fact, I rather saw it as an opportunity. Remember, that was 63 years and 100 pounds ago, so I could move faster, stay under the sun more, and keep selling longer than everyone else.
Then, when I had enough money and more confidence, I decided to travel to Manila from Cebu to sell all kinds of goods like rubber tires. Instead of my bike, I now traveled on a batel-a boat so small that on windless days, we would just float there. On bad days, the trip could take two weeks! During one trip, our batel sank! We would have all perished in the sea were it not for my inventory of tires. The viajeros were happy because my tires saved their lives, and I was happy because the viajeros, by hanging on to them, saved my tires. On these long and lonely trips I had to entertain myself with books, like Gone With The Wind. After the war, I had s aved up 50,000 pesos. That was when you could buy a chicken for 20 centavos and a car for 2,000 pesos. I was 19 years old.
Now I had enough money to bring my family home from China. Once they were all here, they helped me expand our trading business to include imports. Remember that the war had left the Philippines with very few goods. So we imported whatever was needed and imported them from everywhere-includin g used clothes and textile remnants from the United States . We were probably the first ukay-ukay dealers here.
Then, when I had gained more experience and built my reputation, I borrowed money from the bank and got into manufacturing. I saw that coffee was abundant, and Nescafe of Nestle was too expensive for a country still rebuilding from the war, so my company created Blend 45. That was our first branded hit. And from there, we had enough profits to launch Jack and Jill. From one market stall, we are now in nine core businesses-includin g retail, real estate, publishing, petrochemicals, textiles, banking, food manufacturing, Cebu Pacific Air and Sun Cellular.
When we had shown success in the smaller businesses, we were able to raise money in the capital markets-through IPOs and bond offerings-- and then get into more complex, capital-intensive enterprises. We did it slow, but sure. Success doesn't happen overnight. It's the small successes achieved day by day that build a company. So, don't be impatient or focused on immediate financial rewards. I only started flying business class when I got too fat to fit in the economy seats. And I even wore a used overcoat while courting my wife-it came from my ukay-ukay business.
Thank God Elizabeth didn't mind the mothball smell of my coat or maybe she wouldn't have married me. Save what you earn and plow it back. And never forget your families! Your parents deni ed themselves many things to send you here. They could have traveled around the world a couple of times with the money they set aside for your education, and your social life, and your comforts. Remember them-and thank them. When you have families of your own, you must be home with them for at least one meal everyday. I did that while I was building my company. Now, with all my six children married, I ask that we spend every Sunday lunch together, when everything under the sun is discussed. As it is with business, so it is with family.
There are no short cuts for building either one. Remember, no short cuts. Saint Ignatius of Loyola, your patron saint, and founder of this 450-year old organization I admire, described an ideal Jesuit as one who "lives with one foot raised." I believe that means someone who is always ready to respond to opportunities. Saint Ignatius knew that, to build a successful organization, he needed to recruit and educate men who were not afraid of change but were in fact excited by it. In fact, the Jesuits were one of the earliest practitioners of globalization. As early as the 16th century, upon reaching a foreign country, they compiled dictionaries in local languages, like Tamil and Vietnamese, so that they could spread their message in the local language.
In a few centuries, they have been able to spread their mission in many countries through education. The Jesuits have another quote. "Make the whole world your house" which means that the ideal Jesuit must be at home everywhere. By adapting to change , but at the same time staying true to their beliefs, the Society of Jesus has become the long-lasting and successful organization it is today and has made the world their house.
So, let's live with one foot raised in facing the next big opportunity: globalization. Globalization can be your greatest enemy. It will be your downfall if you are too afraid and too weak to fight it out. But it can also be your biggest ally. With the Asian Free Trade agreement and tariffs near zero, your market has grown from 80 million Filipinos to half a billion Southeast Asians. Imagine what that means to you as an entrepreneur if you are able to find a need and fill it. And imagine, too, what that will do for the economy of our country! Yes, our government may not be perfect, and our economic environment not ideal, but true entrepreneurs will find opportunities anywhere. Look at the young Filipino entrepreneurs who made it. When I say young-and I'm 77, remember-I am talking about those in their 50s and below.
Tony Tan of Jollibee, Ben Chan of Bench, Rolando Hortaleza of Splash, and Wilson Lim of Abensons. They're the guys who weren't content with the 9-to-5 job, who were willing to delay their gratification and comfort, and who created something new, something fresh. Something Filipinos are now very proud of. They all started small but now sell their hamburgers, T-shirts and cosmetics in Asia, America , and the Middle East In doing so, these young Filipino entrepreneurs created jobs while doing something they were passionate about. Globalization is an opportunity of a lifetime-for you. And that is why I want to be out there with you instead of here behind this podium-perhaps too old and too slow to seize the opportunities you can. Let me leave you with one last thought. Trade barriers have fallen.
The only barriers left are the ba rriers you have in your mind. So, Ateneans, heed the call of entrepreneurship. With a little bit of will and a little bit of imagination, you can turn this crisis into your patriotic moment-and truly become a person for others. "Live with one foot raised and make the world your house."
To this great University, my sincerest thanks for this singular honor conferred on me today. To the graduates, congratulations and Godspeed. "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam". Thank you.
***
if you want to join online business communities and learn new things about business and entrepreneurship, post advertisements for your products, click the links below. Thank you!
http://lycheemelon. sulit.com. ph/
http://forums. pinoybusiness. org/index. php?action= register; inviter=7945
How a Millionaire’s Brain Works
How a Millionaire’s Brain Works
A man walked into a bank in New York City one day and asked for the loan officer.
He told the loan officer that he was going to Philippines on business for two weeks and needed to borrow $5,000. The bank officer told him that the bank would need some form of security for the loan.
Then the man handed over the keys to a new Ferrari parked on the street in front of the bank. He produced the title and everything checked out The loan officer agreed to accept the car as collateral for the loan.The bank’s president and its officers all enjoyed a good laugh at the guy for using a $250,000 Ferrari as collateral against a $5,000 loan.
An employee of the bank then drove the Ferrari into the bank’s underground garage and parked it there.Two weeks later, the guy returned, repaid the $5,000 and the interest, which came to $15.41.
The loan officer said, “Sir, we are very happy to have had and this transaction has worked out very nicely, but we are a little puzzled. While you were away, we checked you out and found that you are a multi millionaire. What puzzles us is, why would you bother to borrow “$5,000″.
The millionaire replied: “Where else in New York City can I park my car for $15.41 and expect it to be there when I return”
Well thats how the rich stay rich, they know a lot more about Money Management. All the millionaires I have met in my life were penny wise. Look after your cents and the Dollars will look after themselves.
retrieved at http://www.fortunew atch.com/ how-a-millionair es-brain- works/
A man walked into a bank in New York City one day and asked for the loan officer.
He told the loan officer that he was going to Philippines on business for two weeks and needed to borrow $5,000. The bank officer told him that the bank would need some form of security for the loan.
Then the man handed over the keys to a new Ferrari parked on the street in front of the bank. He produced the title and everything checked out The loan officer agreed to accept the car as collateral for the loan.The bank’s president and its officers all enjoyed a good laugh at the guy for using a $250,000 Ferrari as collateral against a $5,000 loan.
An employee of the bank then drove the Ferrari into the bank’s underground garage and parked it there.Two weeks later, the guy returned, repaid the $5,000 and the interest, which came to $15.41.
The loan officer said, “Sir, we are very happy to have had and this transaction has worked out very nicely, but we are a little puzzled. While you were away, we checked you out and found that you are a multi millionaire. What puzzles us is, why would you bother to borrow “$5,000″.
The millionaire replied: “Where else in New York City can I park my car for $15.41 and expect it to be there when I return”
Well thats how the rich stay rich, they know a lot more about Money Management. All the millionaires I have met in my life were penny wise. Look after your cents and the Dollars will look after themselves.
retrieved at http://www.fortunew atch.com/ how-a-millionair es-brain- works/
Saturday, March 08, 2008
The fifth mountain book review
Geography is a crucial factor that determines a country’s economy. The book entitled The Fifth Mountain showed that Lebanon has a strategic location for commerce, facing the Mediterranean Sea, but also has its disadvantage, it is a battlefield.
Paulo Coelho has again come up with a book about fulfilling one’s destiny like that of “The Alchemist”, where the setting is both in the Middle East Asia and where the main character is in quest far from his country. However, this book is biblical and historical turned inspirational. Coelho never fails to attach his inspiring words of wisdom through the different characters and different circumstances faced.
The novel is about Elijah, a Tishbite from Tishbe who was on his early youth and a biblical character famously known as an anointed prophet who delivered Israel from Jezebel and from the Phoenician god, Baal. Coelho tried to come up with an expounded story behind Elijah’s story of triumph on Mount Carmel when fire burnt his offerings for the Lord and the believers of Baal shifted their beliefs to the One God. Coelho showed how Elijah fulfilled the destiny God designed for his life; how he confronted his weaknesses and doubts and how he deal with his strengths, love and faith.
The setting of the story was in the ninth century BCE. In history, princes are married to princesses of other countries in order to maintain peace and prevent war. In this case, Israel’s King Ahab was married to Phoenician Princess Jezebel. People then believe that this would help so that these two countries: Israel and Phoenicia (now Lebanon) would not declare war on each other. But according to the Bible, God was not pleased with this because Princess Jezebel ordered in Israel the worship of the Phoenician God, Baal or be executed. God’s word came to Elijah and told it to King Ahab and Princess Jezebel that until Baal was worshipped there would never be dew or a rain in the region. Since that, the execution of prophets was ordered. Elijah went, according to God's direction, to "the Kerith Ravine, east of Jordan, and stayed there. When the prophesied drought dried up the brook, God sent him to live with a widow in Zarephath in Phoenicia which its inhabitants called Akbar. There he remained for over two years. During his time there, he miraculously provided a food supply during the famine, and raised the widow’s son, who had died from an illness. This time was actually used by Elijah to prepare for his mission. This was also where he faced his doubts and weaknesses as a prophet. It was inspiring because with my impression of Elijah who was so anointed and triumphant from the Bible, Coelho showed that even prophets have doubts of their selves and have weaknesses. The manner he faced and fulfilled his destiny was the more inspiring story. It just showed that there are really stages in life and in fulfilling one’s destiny.
The picture below showed the location of Zeraphath along with other ancient Phoenician cities like Tyre, Sidon and Byblos. This place was where the most part of the novel revolve. After his two years of preparation in Akbar, God call him to fulfill his mission and to perform a miracle in Mt. Carmel (also shown in the map).
In most of Coelho’s novels he never failed to discuss some sort of history and geography. In this book, aside from Elijah he tackled Phoenicia or what is now Lebanon.
King Solomon of Israel who in his time had foreign wives including that in Phoenicia, allowed the modernization of Phoenicia’ s merchant fleet and the expansion of trade. This had a positive effect in Phoenicia because since then its economy started to grow. More to that, generations before Sidon and Tyre had traded cedars, a kind of tree now commonly seen in the western Himalaya and the Mediterranean region, with King Solomon. As a return, King of Tyre received 20 cities in Galilee but was not satisfied. So, King Solomon helped them construct their first ship. Then, Phoenicia became the largest fleet in the world since 1200 BC and according to an online source Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia, even until Phoenicia was conquered by Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.
Phoenicia established trade routes from different parts of the Mediterranean as far as Spain and Atlantic Ocean. The products they carried are glass, cedar, weapons, iron and ivory. One of the things that I’ve learned from this book is that alphabet actually originated from Lebanon but these letters are mostly consonants. It was the Greeks who added vowels and labeled it as “alphabet”. Furthermore, they called their parchment “Biblia” in honor of the Phoenician city Byblos where the invention occurred. The book shows civilization in the region and how it was deciphered to other nations. Through trade to other nations, they were able to make literacy possible to the world. Aside from that, Phoenicians were actually adept and intellectuals. In fact, they were very much familiar with numbers and one of them is Pythagoras (Phoenicia Encyclopedia, 2007), first pure mathematician and an important figure in the development of mathematics. He is also known for his Pythagorean Theorem used in mathematics. Aside from that, Phoenicians are also good in astronomical calculations.
When it comes to economy of Phoenicia, particularly in Akbar/Zarephath where Elijah was sent and lived with a widow and her son, the book described it as with fairer system of taxation, improved streets of the city, administered intelligently the profits from the imports or merchandise and had the reputation of producing one of the finest wines in the world. As the reader could see it, Akbar was a well managed city by scholars, priests and governors with an advance system of government.
On the other hand, Israel and Phoenicia had a very contrasting perspective and belief in their religion. Israel is monotheist who worshipped a One God whom they do not know the name. On the other hand, Phoenicia is a polytheist who worshipped different gods and Baal was the supreme of all, being the ruler of the universe and lord of the earth.
The climax of the novel was the Assyrian invasion. In history, Assyrians are Semitic people from the northern part of Mesopotamia (World Civilization, Mesopotamia). The Assyrian invasion killed the widow and her son was left to Elijah while he was still in Phoenicia. The invasion also destroyed the city of Akbar and the other cities. The novel showed the rebuilding of the city after the tragedy. It’s like that tragedies do happen but that one has to stand up again to continue in life. It was historical but it could have a personal meaning that implies in it. The book ended on the physical and emotional restoration of the people of Akbar, but the history continues. According to the last pages of the novel, the son of the widow ruled in Akbar though he died young in the peek of his years. Phoenicia experienced a series of invasion but it was 160 years before Akbar was invaded by the Assyrian King Sennacherib. From that time, Phoenicia never recovered and experienced more series of invasion from the Neo-Babylonians, Persians, Macedonians, Seleucids and by Rome. Coelho noted that Tyre, Sidon and Byblos are still part of today’s Lebanon and are still a battlefield. In fact, just few years ago Israel declared war on Lebanon. It is sad to think that because of some geographical features, place becomes a battlefield. It was also sad that though Lebanon had advance system of government and facilities in those years but until now they haven’t recovered.
History goes on. Lebanon had been under the administration of the Ottoman empire from 1516 to 1918. Then in 1920, General Gouraud, head of the French troops in the Levant, called it as “Grand –Liban” (Great Lebanon). Lebanon remained under the French Mandate until November 26,1941. They celebrate their independence day on November 22, 1943.
Like what Coelho connotes, contemporary Lebanon still is a melting pot with a diverse cultural heritage because of its geography. The unstable economy of the surrounding countries caused Lebanon to experience large waves of immigration from neighboring countries and attracted thousands of skilled laborers, entrepreneurs and intellectuals. Its entrepreneurs still play a major role in their economy. In addition, “Lebanon’s democratic traditions, attachment to freedom of speech and expression and its educated population enabled the Republic to become the cultural, academic and medical center of the region.” (Lebanon, n.d)
Geography plays a significant role in Lebanon’s history and economy. Like what the theory of economic geography, study of spatial aspects of economic activities on various scales, proximity to certain geographical features affects the economy. An example is access to the sea and the presence of raw materials like oil affects the economic conditions.
Ancient Lebanon or Phoenicia can be regarded for its inventions, advanced knowledge in science and in commerce. Although now, economically speaking, Lebanon had been left behind by the other countries in Asia in particular, but they still foster their ancient strengths and abilities.
Sources:
Paulo Coelho (1998). The Fifth Mountain.
Lebanon. Retrieved at http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/Kids/History.htm last March 16, 2007.
Paulo Coelho has again come up with a book about fulfilling one’s destiny like that of “The Alchemist”, where the setting is both in the Middle East Asia and where the main character is in quest far from his country. However, this book is biblical and historical turned inspirational. Coelho never fails to attach his inspiring words of wisdom through the different characters and different circumstances faced.
The novel is about Elijah, a Tishbite from Tishbe who was on his early youth and a biblical character famously known as an anointed prophet who delivered Israel from Jezebel and from the Phoenician god, Baal. Coelho tried to come up with an expounded story behind Elijah’s story of triumph on Mount Carmel when fire burnt his offerings for the Lord and the believers of Baal shifted their beliefs to the One God. Coelho showed how Elijah fulfilled the destiny God designed for his life; how he confronted his weaknesses and doubts and how he deal with his strengths, love and faith.
The setting of the story was in the ninth century BCE. In history, princes are married to princesses of other countries in order to maintain peace and prevent war. In this case, Israel’s King Ahab was married to Phoenician Princess Jezebel. People then believe that this would help so that these two countries: Israel and Phoenicia (now Lebanon) would not declare war on each other. But according to the Bible, God was not pleased with this because Princess Jezebel ordered in Israel the worship of the Phoenician God, Baal or be executed. God’s word came to Elijah and told it to King Ahab and Princess Jezebel that until Baal was worshipped there would never be dew or a rain in the region. Since that, the execution of prophets was ordered. Elijah went, according to God's direction, to "the Kerith Ravine, east of Jordan, and stayed there. When the prophesied drought dried up the brook, God sent him to live with a widow in Zarephath in Phoenicia which its inhabitants called Akbar. There he remained for over two years. During his time there, he miraculously provided a food supply during the famine, and raised the widow’s son, who had died from an illness. This time was actually used by Elijah to prepare for his mission. This was also where he faced his doubts and weaknesses as a prophet. It was inspiring because with my impression of Elijah who was so anointed and triumphant from the Bible, Coelho showed that even prophets have doubts of their selves and have weaknesses. The manner he faced and fulfilled his destiny was the more inspiring story. It just showed that there are really stages in life and in fulfilling one’s destiny.
The picture below showed the location of Zeraphath along with other ancient Phoenician cities like Tyre, Sidon and Byblos. This place was where the most part of the novel revolve. After his two years of preparation in Akbar, God call him to fulfill his mission and to perform a miracle in Mt. Carmel (also shown in the map).
In most of Coelho’s novels he never failed to discuss some sort of history and geography. In this book, aside from Elijah he tackled Phoenicia or what is now Lebanon.
King Solomon of Israel who in his time had foreign wives including that in Phoenicia, allowed the modernization of Phoenicia’ s merchant fleet and the expansion of trade. This had a positive effect in Phoenicia because since then its economy started to grow. More to that, generations before Sidon and Tyre had traded cedars, a kind of tree now commonly seen in the western Himalaya and the Mediterranean region, with King Solomon. As a return, King of Tyre received 20 cities in Galilee but was not satisfied. So, King Solomon helped them construct their first ship. Then, Phoenicia became the largest fleet in the world since 1200 BC and according to an online source Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia, even until Phoenicia was conquered by Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.
Phoenicia established trade routes from different parts of the Mediterranean as far as Spain and Atlantic Ocean. The products they carried are glass, cedar, weapons, iron and ivory. One of the things that I’ve learned from this book is that alphabet actually originated from Lebanon but these letters are mostly consonants. It was the Greeks who added vowels and labeled it as “alphabet”. Furthermore, they called their parchment “Biblia” in honor of the Phoenician city Byblos where the invention occurred. The book shows civilization in the region and how it was deciphered to other nations. Through trade to other nations, they were able to make literacy possible to the world. Aside from that, Phoenicians were actually adept and intellectuals. In fact, they were very much familiar with numbers and one of them is Pythagoras (Phoenicia Encyclopedia, 2007), first pure mathematician and an important figure in the development of mathematics. He is also known for his Pythagorean Theorem used in mathematics. Aside from that, Phoenicians are also good in astronomical calculations.
When it comes to economy of Phoenicia, particularly in Akbar/Zarephath where Elijah was sent and lived with a widow and her son, the book described it as with fairer system of taxation, improved streets of the city, administered intelligently the profits from the imports or merchandise and had the reputation of producing one of the finest wines in the world. As the reader could see it, Akbar was a well managed city by scholars, priests and governors with an advance system of government.
On the other hand, Israel and Phoenicia had a very contrasting perspective and belief in their religion. Israel is monotheist who worshipped a One God whom they do not know the name. On the other hand, Phoenicia is a polytheist who worshipped different gods and Baal was the supreme of all, being the ruler of the universe and lord of the earth.
The climax of the novel was the Assyrian invasion. In history, Assyrians are Semitic people from the northern part of Mesopotamia (World Civilization, Mesopotamia). The Assyrian invasion killed the widow and her son was left to Elijah while he was still in Phoenicia. The invasion also destroyed the city of Akbar and the other cities. The novel showed the rebuilding of the city after the tragedy. It’s like that tragedies do happen but that one has to stand up again to continue in life. It was historical but it could have a personal meaning that implies in it. The book ended on the physical and emotional restoration of the people of Akbar, but the history continues. According to the last pages of the novel, the son of the widow ruled in Akbar though he died young in the peek of his years. Phoenicia experienced a series of invasion but it was 160 years before Akbar was invaded by the Assyrian King Sennacherib. From that time, Phoenicia never recovered and experienced more series of invasion from the Neo-Babylonians, Persians, Macedonians, Seleucids and by Rome. Coelho noted that Tyre, Sidon and Byblos are still part of today’s Lebanon and are still a battlefield. In fact, just few years ago Israel declared war on Lebanon. It is sad to think that because of some geographical features, place becomes a battlefield. It was also sad that though Lebanon had advance system of government and facilities in those years but until now they haven’t recovered.
History goes on. Lebanon had been under the administration of the Ottoman empire from 1516 to 1918. Then in 1920, General Gouraud, head of the French troops in the Levant, called it as “Grand –Liban” (Great Lebanon). Lebanon remained under the French Mandate until November 26,1941. They celebrate their independence day on November 22, 1943.
Like what Coelho connotes, contemporary Lebanon still is a melting pot with a diverse cultural heritage because of its geography. The unstable economy of the surrounding countries caused Lebanon to experience large waves of immigration from neighboring countries and attracted thousands of skilled laborers, entrepreneurs and intellectuals. Its entrepreneurs still play a major role in their economy. In addition, “Lebanon’s democratic traditions, attachment to freedom of speech and expression and its educated population enabled the Republic to become the cultural, academic and medical center of the region.” (Lebanon, n.d)
Geography plays a significant role in Lebanon’s history and economy. Like what the theory of economic geography, study of spatial aspects of economic activities on various scales, proximity to certain geographical features affects the economy. An example is access to the sea and the presence of raw materials like oil affects the economic conditions.
Ancient Lebanon or Phoenicia can be regarded for its inventions, advanced knowledge in science and in commerce. Although now, economically speaking, Lebanon had been left behind by the other countries in Asia in particular, but they still foster their ancient strengths and abilities.
Sources:
Paulo Coelho (1998). The Fifth Mountain.
Lebanon. Retrieved at http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/Kids/History.htm last March 16, 2007.
Monday, December 11, 2006
From Sumeria to Turkey: History of Middle East and North Africa
• Political
Ante-diluvian kings, legendary, or earlier than ca. the 26th century BC. Their rules are measured in sars - periods of 3600 years - the next unit up after 60 in Sumerian counting (3600 = 60x60), and in ners - units of 600.
• Alulim of Eridu(g): 8 sars (28800 years)
• Alalgar of Eridug: 10 sars (36000 years)
• En-Men-Lu-Ana of Bad-Tibira: 12 sars (43200 years)
• En-Men-Ana 1, 2
• En-Men-Gal-Ana of Bad-Tibira: 8 sars (28800 years)
• Dumuzi of Bad-Tibira, the shepherd: 10 sars (36000 years)
• En-Sipad-Zid-Ana of Larag: 8 sars (28800 years)
• En-Men-Dur-Ana of Zimbir: 5 sars and 5 ners (21000 years)
• Ubara-Tutu of Shuruppag: 5 sars and 1 ner (18600 years)
• Zin-Suddu 1
Early Dynastic II
26th century BC. Many rulers known from contemporary inscriptions are not found in the King Lists.
• Jushur of Kish: 1200 years
• Kullassina-bel of Kish: 960 years
• Nangishlishma of Kish: 670 years
• En-Tarah-Ana of Kish: 420 years
• Babum of Kish: 300 years
• Puannum of Kish: 840 years
• Kalibum of Kish: 960 years
• Kalumum of Kish: 840 years
• Zuqaqip of Kish: 900 years
• Atab of Kish: 600 years
• Mashda of Kish: 840 years
• Arwium of Kish: 720 years
• Etana of Kish, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries: 1500 years
• Balih of Kish: 400 years
• En-Me-Nuna of Kish: 660 years
• Melem-Kish of Kish: 900 years
• Barsal-Nuna of Kish: 1200 years
• Zamug of Kish: 140 years
• Tizqar of Kish: 305 years
• Ilku of Kish: 900 years
• Iltasadum of Kish: 1200 years
• En-Men-Barage-Si of Kish, who conquered Elam: 900 years (this is the earliest ruler in the list who is confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence)
• Aga of Kish: 625 years
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana.
First Dynasty of Uruk
• Mesh-ki-ang-gasher of E-ana, son of Utu: 324 years.
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher went into the Sea and disappeared.
• Enmerkar, who built Unug: 420 years
• Lugalbanda of Unug, the shepherd: 1200 years
• Dumuzid of Unug, the fisherman: 100 years. Captured En-Me-Barage-Si of Kish.
• Gilgamesh, whose father was a "phantom", lord of Kulaba: 126 years.
• Ur-Nungal of Unug: 30 years
• Udul-Kalama of Unug: 15 years
• La-Ba'shum of Unug: 9 years
• En-Nun-Tarah-Ana of Unug: 8 years
• Mesh-He of Unug: 36 years
• Melem-Ana of Unug: 6 years
• Lugal-Kitun of Unug: 36 years
Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim.
First dynasty of Ur
ca. 25th century BC
• Mesh-Ane-Pada of Urim: 80 years
• Mesh-Ki-Ang-Nanna of Urim: 36 years
• Elulu of Urim: 25 years
• Balulu of Urim: 36 years
Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan.
Awan
• Three kings of Awan, ruling for a total of 356 years
• Peli (ca. 2450 BC)
• Taar, Tari or Tata
• Ukku-tahish
• Hishur
• Shushun-tarana
• Napil-hush,
• Kiku-siwe-temti
• Luh-ishan
• Hishep-ratep
• Eshpum (?)
• Ilishmani (?)
• Epirmupi (?)
• Helu (ca. 2300-2280 BC)
• Hita (ca. 2280-2250 BC)
• (Akkadian dominion)
• (Shimpishuk)
• Kutik-Inshushinak (ca. 2240-2220 BC)
• (neo-Sumerian dominion)
Second Dynasty Kish
• Susuda of Kish: 201 years
• Dadasig of Kish: 81 years
• Mamagal of Kish, the boatman: 360 years
• Kalbum of Kish: 195 years
• Tuge of Kish: 360 years
• Men-Nuna of Kish: 180 years
• ? of Kish: 290 years
• Lugalngu of Kish: 360 years
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi.
Hamazi
• Hadanish of Hamazi: 360 years
Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug.
Second Dynasty of Uruk
• En-Shakansha-Ana of Unug: 60 years
• Lugal-Ure (or Lugal-Kinishe-Dudu) of Unug: 120 years
• Argandea of Unug: 7 years
Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim.
Second Dynasty of Ur
• Nani of Urim: 120 years
• Mesh-Ki-Ang-Nanna of Urim: 48 years
• ? of Urim: 2 years
Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab.
Adab
• Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab: 90 years
Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari.
Mari
• Anbu of Mari: 30 years
• Anba of Mari: 17 years
• Bazi of Mari: 30 years
• Zizi of Mari: 20 years
• Limer of Mari, the gudu priest: 30 years
• Sharrum-Iter of Mari: 9 years
Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish.
Third Dynasty of Kish
• Kug-Baba of Kish, the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kish: 100 years
(the only woman in the King Lists)
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak.
Akshak
• Unzi of Akshak: 30 years
• Undalulu of Akshak: 6 years
• Urur of Akshak: 6 years
• Puzur-Nirah of Akshak: 20 years
• Ishu-Il of Akshak: 24 years
• Shu-Sin of Akshak: 7 years
Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish.
Fourth Dynasty of Kish
• Puzur-Sin of Kish: 25 years
• Ur-Zababa of Kish: 400 (6?) years
• Zimudar of Kish: 30 years
• Ussi-Watar of Kish: 7 years
• Eshtar-Muti of Kish: 11 years
• Ishme-Shamash of Kish: 11 years
• Shu-Ilishu of Kish: 15 years
• Nanniya of Kish, the jeweller: 7 years.
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug.
Third Dynasty of Uruk
• Lugal-Zage-Si of Unug: 25 years
(2259 BC–2235 BC short chronology) defeated Lagash.
Akkad
• Sargon, whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, the king (first emperor) of Agade, who built Agade: 40 years
(ca. 2235 BC short chronology)
• Rimush, younger son of Sargon: 9 years
• Man-Ishtishu, older son of Sargon: 15 years
• Naram-Sin, son of Man-Ishtishu: 56 years
• Shar-Kali-Sharri, son of Naram-Sin: 25 years
Then who was king? Who was the king?
• Irgigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu: four of them ruled for only 3 years
• Dudu: 21 years
• Shu-Durul, son of Dudu: 15 years
Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug.
Fourth Dynasty of Uruk
(Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the dynasty of Akkad)
• Ur-Ningin of Unug: 7 years
• Ur-Gigir of Unug: 6 years
• Kuda of Unug: 6 years
• Puzur-Ili of Unug: 5 years
• Ur-Utu (or Lugal-Melem) of Unug: 25 years
Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium.
Gutian period
In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years
• Inkishush of Gutium: 6 years
• Zarlagab of Gutium: 6 years
• Shulme (or Yarlagash) of Gutium: 6 years
• Silulumesh (or Silulu) of Gutium: 6 years
• Inimabakesh (or Duga) of Gutium: 5 years
• Igeshaush (or Ilu-An) of Gutium: 6 years
• Yarlagab of Gutium: 3 years
• Ibate of Gutium: 3 years
• Yarla of Gutium: 3 years
• Kurum of Gutium: 1 year
• Apil-Kin of Gutium: 3 years
• La-Erabum of Gutium: 2 years
• Irarum of Gutium: 2 years
• Ibranum of Gutium: 1 year
• Hablum of Gutium: 2 years
• Puzur-Sin of Gutium: 7 years
• Yarlaganda of Gutium: 7 years
• ? of Gutium: 7 years
• Tiriga of Gutium: 40 days
Uruk
• Utu-hegal of Unug: conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years)
drives out the Gutians
Third dynasty of Ur
"Sumerian Renaissance"
• Ur-Nammu of Urim: 18 years
ruled ca. 2065 BC–2047 BC short chronology.
• Shulgi: 46 years
ruled ca. 2047 BC–1999 BC short chronology.
• Amar-Sina of Urim: 9 years
• Shu-Sin of Urim: 9 years
• Ibbi-Sin of Urim: 24 years
Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out (?). The kingship was taken to Isin.
Dynasty of Isin
Independent Amorite states in lower Mesopotamia. The dynasty ends at ca. 1730 BC short chronology.
• Ishbi-Erra of Isin: 33 years
• Shu-ilishu of Isin: 20 years
• Iddin-Dagan of Isin: 20 years
• Ishme-Dagan of Isin: 20 years
• Lipit-Eshtar of Isin 11 years
• Ur-Ninurta of Isin (the son of Ishkur, may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life): 28 years
• Bur-Sin of Isin: 5 years
• Lipit-Enlil of Isin: 5 years
• Erra-Imitti of Isin: 8 years
• Enlil-Bani of Isin: 24 years (the king's gardener, to celebrate the New Year was named 'king for a day' then sacrificed, the king died during the celebration. Enlil-Bani remained on the throne.)
• Zambiya of Isin: 3 years
• Iter-Pisha of Isin: 4 years
• Ur-Dul-Kuga of Isin: 4 years
• Suen-magir of Isin: 11 years
• Damiq-ilicu of Isin: 23 years
Assyrian Rulers
Early Period
"The Kings who lived in tents"
• Ikunum (?)
• Tudiya (ca. 2500 BC)
• Adamu
• Yangi
• Suhlamu
• Harharu
• Mandaru
• Imsu
• HAR-su
• Didanu
• Hana
• Zuabu
• Nuabu
• Abazu
• Belu
• Azarah
• Ushpia (ca. 2020 BC?)
"Kings who were forefathers" (listed in reverse order by the Assyrian King List)
• Apiashal son of Ushpia
• Hale son of Apiashal
• Samani son of Hale
• Hayani son of Samani
• Ilu-Mer son of Hayani
• Yakmesi son of Ilu-Mer
• Yakmeni son of Yakmesi
• Yazkur-el son of Yakmeni
• Ila-kabkaba son of Yazkur-el
• Aminu son of Ila-kabkaba
"Kings whose eponyms are destroyed(?)"
• Sulili son of Aminu
• Kikkia (ca. 2000-1985)
• Akiya (ca. 1985-1970)
• Puzur-Ashur I (ca. 1970-1960)
• Shallim-ahhe (ca. 1960-1945)
• Ilushuma (ca. 1945-1906) (raids into southern Mesopotamia)
Old Assyrian Period
• Erishum I (ca. 1906-1867 BC)
• Ikunum (ca. 1867-1860 BC)
• Sargon I (ca. 1860-1850 BC) (rule at the Temple / Castle of Nimud, see Nimrud)
• Puzur-Ashur II (ca. 1850-1830 BC)
• Naram-Sin (ca. 1830-1815 BC)
• Erishum II (ca. 1815-1809 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad I (ca. 1809-1781 BC)
• Ishme-Dagan I (ca. 1780-1741 BC)
• Mut-Ashkur (ca. 1730-1720 BC)
• Rimush (ca. 1720-1710 BC)
• Asinum (ca. 1710-1706 BC)
• anarchy, seven usurpers (ca.1706-1700 BC)
o Assur-dugul "son of a nobody, not suitable to the throne"
o Assur-apla-idi (first of "six kings son(s) of a nobody")
o Nasir-Sin
o Sin-namir
o Ibqi-Ishtar
o Adad-salulu
o Adasi
• Belu-bani (ca.1700-1691 BC)
• Libaia (ca.1690-1674 BC)
• Sharma-Adad I (ca.1673-1662 BC)
• Iptar-Sin (ca.1661-1650 BC)
• Bazaia (ca.1649-1622 BC)
• Lullaia (ca.1621-1618 BC)
• Shu-Ninua (ca.1615-1602 BC)
• Sharma-Adad II (ca.1601 BC-1598 BC)
• Erishum III (ca.1598-1586 BC, traditional date, or ca.1580-1567 BC, newer dating)
• Shamshi-Adad II (ca.1567-1561 BC)
• Ishme-Dagan II (1561-1545 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad III (1545-1529 BC)
• Ashur-nirari I (1529-1503 BC)
• Puzur-Ashur III (1503-1479 BC)
• Enlil-nasir I (1479-1466 BC)
• Nur-ili (1466-1454 BC)
• Ashur-shaduni (1454 BC)
• Ashur-rabi I (1453-ca.1435 BC)
• Ashur-nadin-ahhe I (ca.1435-1420 BC)
• Enlil-nasir II (1420-1414 BC)
• Ashur-nirari II (1414-1407 BC)
• Ashur-bel-nisheshu (1407-1398 BC)
• Ashur-rim-nisheshu (1398-1390 BC)
• Ashur-nadin-ahhe II (1390-1380 BC)
Middle Assyrian Period
• Eriba-Adad I (1380-1353 BC)
• Ashur-uballit I (1353-1317 BC)
• Enlil-nirari (1317-1307 BC)
• Arik-den-ili (1307-1295 BC)
• Adad-nirari I (1295-1263 BC)
• Shalmaneser I (1263-1233 BC)
• Tukulti-Ninurta I (1233-1196 BC)
• Ashur-nadin-apli (1196-1193 BC)
• Ashur-nirari III (1193-1187 BC)
• Enlil-kudurri-usur (1187-1182 BC)
• Ninurta-apal-Ekur (1182-1179 BC)
• Ashur-Dan I (1179-1133 BC)
• Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur (1133 BC)
• Mutakkil-nusku (1133 BC)
• Ashur-resh-ishi I (1133-1115 BC)
• Tiglath-Pileser I (1115-1076 BC)
• Asharid-apal-Ekur (1076-1074 BC)
• Ashur-bel-kala (1074-1056 BC)
• Eriba-Adad II (1056-1054 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad IV (1054-1050 BC)
• Ashur-nasir-pal I (1050-1031 BC)
• Shalmaneser II (1031-1019 BC)
• Ashur-nirari IV (1019-1013 BC)
• Ashur-rabi II (1013-972 BC)
• Ashur-resh-ishi II (972-967 BC)
• Tiglath-Pileser II (967-935 BC)
• Ashur-Dan II (935-912 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period
• Adad-nirari II (912 - 891 BC)
• Tukulti-Ninurta II (891 - 884 BC)
• Ashur-nasir-pal II (884 - 859 BC)
• Shalmaneser III (859 - 824 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad V (822 - 811 BC)
• Adad-nirari III (811 - 783 BC)
o Sammu-ramat (Semiramis), regent, (811 - 805 BC)
• Shalmaneser IV (783 - 773 BC)
• Ashur-Dan III (773 - 755 BC)
• Ashur-nirari V (755 - 745 BC)
• Tiglath-Pileser III (745 - 727 BC)
• Shalmaneser V (727 - 722 BC)
End of the document known as Assyrian King List; the following kings reigned after the list had been composed.
• Sargon II (722 - 705 BC)
• Sennacherib (705 - 681 BC)
• Esarhaddon (681 - 669 BC)
• Ashurbanipal (669 - c.631 or 627 BC)
• Ashur-etil-ilani (631/627 - 623 BC) (631-627 "regent" for his father Ashurbanipal)
• Sin-shumu-lishir (623 BC)
• Sin-shar-ishkun (623 - 612 BC)
In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran as
• Ashur-uballit II (612- c.609 BC)
Babylonian Rulers
First Dynasty of Babylon
• Sumu-abum 1894-1881 BC
• Sumu-la-El 1880-1845 BC
• Sabium 1844-1831 BC
• Apil-Sîn 1830-1813 BC
• Sin-muballit 1812-1793 BC
• Hammurabi 1792-1750 BC
• Samsu-Iluna 1749-1712 BC
• Abi-Eshuh 1711-1684 BC
• Ammi-Ditana 1683-1647 BC
• Ammi-Saduqa 1646-1626 BC
• Samsu-Ditana 1625-1595 BC
Early Kassite Monarchs
These rulers did not rule Babylon itself, but their numbering scheme was continued by later Kassite Kings of Babylon, and so they are listed here.
• Gandash fl. c.1730 BC
• Agum I
• Kashtiliash I
• Ushshi
• Abirattash
• Kashtiliash II
• Urzigurumash
• Harbashihu
• Tiptakzi
Sealand Dynasty (Dynasty II of Babylon)
• Iluma-ilum fl. c.1732 BC
• Itti-ili-nibi
• Damiq-ilishu
• Ishkibal
• Shushushi
• Gulkishar
• Peshgaldaramash
• Adarakalamma
• Ekurduanna
• Melamkurkukka
• [1 unnamed king between Gulkishar and Ea-gamil(?)]
• Ea-gamil fl. c. 1460 BC
Kassite Dynasty (Third Dynasty of Babylon)
• Agum II fl. c.1570 BC
• Burna-Buriaš I
• Kaštiliaš III
• Ulam-Buriaš
• Agum III
• Kadašman-harbe I
• Karaindaš
• Kurigalzu I d.1377 BC
• Kadašman-Enlil I 1377-1361 BC
• Burna-Buriaš II 1361-1333 BC
• Karahardaš 1333-1331 BC
• Nazibugaš 1331 BC
• Kurigalzu II 1331-1306 BC
• Nazimaruttaš 1306-1280 BC
• Kadašman-Turgu 1280-1262 BC
• Kadašman-Enlil II 1262-1254 BC
• Kudur-Enlil 1254-1245 BC
• Šagarakti-Šuriaš 1245-1232 BC
• Kaštiliaš IV 1232-1224 BC
• Enlil-nadin-šumi 1224-1221
• Adad-šuma-iddina 1221-1215
• Adad-šuma-usur 1215-1185 BC
• Melišipak 1185-1170 BCE
• Marduk-apal-iddina I 1170-1157 BC
• Zababa-šuma-iddina 1157-1156 BC
• Enlil-nadin-ahhe 1156-1153 BC
Dynasty IV of Babylon, from Isin
• Marduk-kabit-ahhešu 1155-1146 BCE
• Itti-Marduk-balatu 1146-1132 BCE
• Ninurta-nadin-šumi 1132-1126 BCE
• Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadnezzar I) 1126-1103 BCE
• Enlil-nadin-apli 1103-1100 BCE
• Marduk-nadin-ahhe 1100-1082 BCE
• Marduk-šapik-zeri 1082-1069 BCE
• Adad-apla-iddina 1069-1046 BCE
• Marduk-ahhe-eriba 1046 BCE
• Marduk-zer-X 1046-1033 BCE
• Nabu-šum-libur 1033-1025 BCE
Dynasty V of Babylon
• Simbar-šipak 1025-1008 BCE
• Ea-mukin-šumi 1008 BCE
• Kaššu-nadin 1008-1004 BCE
Dynasty VI of Babylon
• Eulma-šakin-šumi 1004-987 BCE
• Ninurta-kudurri-usur 987-985 BCE
• Širiqti-šuqamunu 985 BCE
Dynasty VII of Babylon
• Mar-biti-apla-usur 985-979 BCE
Dynasty VIII of Babylon
• Nabu-mukin-apli 979-943 BCE
Dynasty IX of Babylon
• Ninurta-kudurri-usur 943 BCE
• Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 943-c.920 BCE
• Šamaš-mudammiq c.920-900 BCE
• Nabu-šuma-ukin 900-888 BCE
• Nabu-apla-iddina 888-855 BCE
• Marduk-zakir-šumi I 855-819 BCE
• Marduk-balassu-iqbi 819-813 BCE
• Baba-aha-iddina 813-811 BCE
• 5 kings 811-c.800 BCE
• Ninurta-apla-X c.800-c.790 BCE
• Marduk-bel-zeri c.790-c.780 BCE
• Marduk-apla-usur c.780-769 BCE
• Eriba-Marduk 769-761 BCE
• Nabu-šuma-iškun 761-748 BCE
Dynasty IX of Babylon
From this point on, the Babylonian chronology is securely known via Ptolemy's Canon of Kings and other sources.
• Nabonassar (Nabu-nasir) 748-734 BCE
• Nabu-nadin-zeri 734-732 BCE
• Nabu-šuma-ukin II 732 BCE
Dynasty X of Babylon (Assyrians and Chaldeans)
• Nabu-mukin-zeri, 732-729 BCE
• Pulu (Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria) 729-727 BCE
• Ululayu (Shalmaneser V of Assyria) 727-722 BCE
• Marduk-apal-iddina II (the Biblical Merodach-Baladan), 722-710 BCE
• Šarrukin (Sargon) II of Assyria, 710-705 BCE
• Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria, 705-703 BCE
• Marduk-zakir-šumi II, 703 BCE
• Marduk-apal-iddina II, 703 BCE (restored)
• Bel-ibni, 703-700 BCE
• Aššur-nadin-šumi (son of Sennacherib of Assyria), 700-694 BCE
• Nergal-ušezib, 694-693 BCE
• Mušezib-Marduk, 693-689 BCE
Assyrian Sack of Babylon, 689 BCE; Babylon is rebuilt by Esarhaddon of Assyria in the 670s BCE
• Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria, 689-681 BCE
• Aššur-ahha-iddina (Esarhaddon) of Assyria, 681-669 BCE
• Šamaš-šum-ukin (son of Esarhaddon), 668-648 BCE
• Kandalanu (possibly Ashurbanipal of Assyria or else a viceroy), 648-627 BCE
Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean)
• Nabu-apla-usur (Nabopolassar) 626 - 605 BCE
• Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadrezzar) II 605 - 562 BCE
• Amel-Marduk 562 - 560 BCE
• Nergal-šar-usur (Nergal-sharezer) 560 - 556 BCE
• Labaši-Marduk 556 BCE
• Nabu-na'id (Nabonidus) 556 - 539 BCE
• Kambyses 538 - 522 BCE
In 539 BCE, Babylon was captured by Cyrus the Great of Persia, and lost its independence. His son was crowned one year later formaly as King of Babylonia
• Culture
The Ancient World Culture
Mesopotamia
9000-500 BC
Sumer, Babylonia, Assyrian
Government
Devine ownership of all entrusted to kings as divine representatives of gods' will; Hammurabic Code, laws governing civil laws governing civil and criminal acts; Conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia
Religion
Heirarchy of gods; Enlil, god of air and storms, supreme ruler of Sumerian pantheon; ziggurat temples
Literature
cuneiform (trans. by H. Creswicke, 1835); Epic of Gilgamesh; Noah and Job myths
Art
Standard of Ur; panels depicting all classes of Sumerian society
Daily Life
hydraulic society - based on irrigation control and flood management; small but powerful aristocracy; large middle class; a minority population of slaves who could transact business and purchase their freedom
________________________________________
Egypt
3200-30BC
Government
Heirarchy with the pharaohs having absolute power; Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms' stability interrupted by long periods of instability and chaos; Alexander conquers
Religion
preoccupation with life after death; elaborate efforts to duplicate life on earth with life in the netherworld; pyramids; power of gods linked to natural forces
Literature
hieroglyphics, not translated until the Rosetta Stone, 1820; Egyptian Book of the Dead
Art
Movement from realism to highly stylized figures, found in tombs murals and artifacts; Tut = least pillaged pyramid
Daily Life
hydraulic society religion = most powerful social force; dependent upon huge slave population, often Hebrews, who did not have social mobility; records indicating strong family ties
________________________________________
Israel
1800 - 70AD
Moses, Saul, David, Solomon
Government
rule of prophets and reign of kings split by civil war and eventual destruction of Jerusalem; Theocractic rule; final destruction of temple by Titus; Jews sent into exile.
Religion
belief in invisible, omnipotent god, in collective + personal responsibility, repentance, and salvation; Mosaic Law - 10; Commandments and Torah; Talmud = commentaries
Literature
Old Testament: Torah, histories, prophetic writings, Psalms
Art
Did not believe in "craven" imagery; implements were often decorated
Daily Life
temple as social-religious center for community religious laws determined behavior, diet, hygiene, etc.; literacy required for confirmation (bar mitzvah)
The First Sumerian Cities
One of the first cities... of the Sumerians, was the very "Lagash", of whose conquest... Sargon of Akkad, had boasted! Their dynasty started circa 2900 BC, and lasted for 650 years. During this time 43 "EN.SI’s" (Righteous Rulers)... reigned without interruption in Lagash: Their names, genealogies, and lengths of rule, were all neatly recorded.
The "Ziggurat" Temple - tower... was used in Mesopotamian religions,being the foremost religious edifice. Ziggurats... were erected from around 2200 BCE until 500 BCE, and there are about 25 left today, covering the area... from southern Babylonia (Baghad, Iraq), all the way north to Assyria.
Chronology of Events
8000 BC City of Jericho founded, the oldest inhabited settlement on earth.
6000 BC Migration of northern farmers settle in region from Babylon to Persian Gulf. Hassuna culture introduces irrigation, fine pottery, permanent dwellings; dominates culture for 1000 years, develops tradefrom Persian Gulf to Mediterranean.
5600 BC Postulated time of the Biblical Noah's Flood in the Black Sea region
5508 BC Byzantine equivalent date for the Creation of the World
5500 BC Evidence of prehistoric culture in Sumeria region of southern Mesopotamia
5000 BC Ubaidians develop first divisions of labor, mud brick villages, first religious shrines. Small temple at Eridu - earliest example of an offering table and niche for cult object.
4977 BC Birth of the Universe according to Johannes Kepler
4000 BC Semitic nomads from Syria and Arabian peninsula invade southern Mesopotamia, intermingle with Ubaidian population. Temple at Tepe Gawra built - setting style for later examples.
3761 BC Jewish equivalent date for the Creation of the World
3550 BC Megiddo (Armageddon- N. Israel) established, prophesized in "Revelations"to be the site of the ultimate battle between the forces of Good and Evil on the Final Day of God
3500 BC First pyramids, made of earth, constructed in Peru.
Sumerians settle on banks of Euphrates. Temple at Eridu – ziggurat prototype
3400 BC The Bronze (copper + tin) Age begins following the end of the Neolithic (new stone) Age (from 10,000BC)
3300 BC Sumerians have the first kings, develop cuneiform writing, the wheel, the plow, the 60 second minute - Sumerian city-states emerge
3200 BC Menes (Narmer) King of Upper Egypt conquers Lower Egypt forming single (Old) Kingdom - Development of hieroglyphics in Egypt. Embalming of the dead developed in Egypt.
3100 BC First Dynasty of Egypt - Mesopotamia inhabited - Grapes first crushed and fermented to produce wine
3000 BC Ur and Uruk, the first recognized city-states on Earth, are established in the Sumer region of Southern Mesopotamia (Iraq) in the south end of the Fertile Crescent, where records for the first Kings, the wheel and the plow are found.
Democratic assemblies give way to kingships, evolve into hereditary monarchies.
Kish - leading Sumerian city
Introduction of pictographs to keep administrative records.
3-D statues, e.g. Warka head.
White Temple - ziggurat traditional design.
Temple at Tell Uqair - mosaic decorations.
cuneiform land sales formal contracts.
Eridu and Kish - simple palaces.
"Standard of Ur" - war-peace plaque, religious statues, gold and silver artifacts buried in tombs of Ur.
Sumerians of Abu Salabikh - first poetry.
3000 BC Potatos first cultivated in S.America - Corn grown as a crop in Mexico - Cotton grown in the Indus Valley - Ox-Plow used in Europe
2950 BC Jericho developed in Palestine - The oldest known inhabited city on Earth
2800 BC Ancient Minoan Culture on Island of Crete in Aegean Sea
2800 BC First phase of Stonehenge construction of wood
2750 BC Imhotep, the first great physician and architect in history, constructs the first (stepped) stone pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt under ruler Zoser; the first great monumental building built by man.
Gilgamesh, hero of Sumerian legends, reigns as king of Erech
2700 BC Sumerian culture develops in Mesopotamia - Temples and Palaces built of brick
2700 BC Spoked wheels come into use
2550 BC Khufu (Cheops-4th Dynasty) completes first Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt; which reigns as the tallest structure on Earth until completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889
2500 BC The horse is domesticated in China
2500 BC Egyptian warriors in chariots using composite bows of horn and wood, and half-once arrows with hollow reed shafts with a range of 400 yards
Lugalannemudu of Abab unites city states which vie for domination for 200 years.
2340 BC Akkadian Dynasty, the worlds first empire, established by Sargon of Sumeria; which falls in 2180BC.
2279 BC Sargon the Great of Sumeria dies
2250 BC Ur-Nammu founds Ur's 3rd. dynasty; dedicates ziggurat at Ur moon-god Nanna, sets up early law code. Gudea, Prince of Lagsh, art and lit patron,magnificant statues produced in his honor.
2200 BC Development of Troy II, III, IV
2197 BC Fall of Akkad in Sumeria to invading barbarians from Persia and northeast
2180 BC Babylonians build first underwater tunnel under the Euphrates River using bricks and "cut and cover" method
2060 BC Sumeria has revival under the third dynasty of UR which falls to the Babylonians c.1950BC
2080 BC "Middle" Kingdom (2080-1640) begins in Egypt
2050 BC Gilgamesh Epic of 3000 lines on 12 tablets, set down, telling of the Babylonian King of Uruk.
1991 BC 12th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitol Thebes - Expansion of the Empire
1950 BC Third Dynasty of UR falls to the Babylonians and the Sumerian era ends.
1920 BC Cannantites and beginning of religious monotheistic (one God) beliefs - Time of Abraham, founder of Judaism.
1900 BC Postulated time for the biblical destruction of Sodom & Gomorrah, the wicked "cities of the plain" in the Dead Sea region, also of Admah, Zeboiim and Zoar, of which Zoar was spared.
Amorites from Syrian desert conquer Sumer.
1800 BC Smelted (bloom) Iron comes into use - Bronze Age fades into the Iron Age
Hammurabi asccends Babylonian throne.
1792 BC Hammurabi founds and rules, until 1750 BC, over the original Empire of Babylonia (Mesopotamia), which was eventually destroyed by raiders from Asia Minor.
1760 BC Alphabetic writing emerges as simpler way of recording information than Egyptian hieroglyphics
1750 BC First Babylonian Dynasty arises after Hammurabi cedes power in Mesopotamia
1650 BC Hittite culture develops in the Lower Euphrates River Region
1640 BC "Middle" Kingdom (2080-1640) ends in Egypt
1622 BC 16th Dynasty begins in Egypt - Capitol Thebes - Re-conquest of power throughout Egypt
1600 BC Minoan culture on Crete at its zenith.
Hittite invasion from Turkey ends Hammurabi's dynasty.
1580 BC 18th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitols Thebes & Akhetaten - Triumph of Egyptian Empire over known world
1570 BC "New" Kingdom (1570-1075) in Egypt begins
1538 BC Island of Thera, (Atlantis?) now Santorini, destroyed by massive volcanic eruption. The resulting wave surge from this eruption was also responsible for the demise of the Manoan Civilization on Crete.
1525 BC 18th Dynasty in Egypt - Temple at Karnak, Egypt enriched to maximum glory
1500 BC Mayan civilization arises in Central America
1500 BC Irrigation from the Nile River in use in Egypt
1500 BC First bronze swords in use - Sundial in use in Egypt - Chinese invent the crossbow
Assyria conquered by Hurrians from Anatolia.
1486-1468 BC Hatshepsut (1505-1486) regent for her son, reigns in Egypt wearing male attire and the pharaoh's false beard
1469 BC Battle of Megiddo, Esdraelon, Palestine where Egyptians destroyed a rebel army and captured Megiddo after a siege of 3 weeks.
1450 BC Term "Pharoh" for Egyptian rulers comes into use. It is a hebrew term for "great house"
1450 BC Stonehenge third phase completed to present layout and form
1400 BC Knosses on Crete finally destroyed and the Minoan civilization fades into obscurity
Kurigalzu assumes Babylonian throne.
1354-1345 Tutankhamen, the "Boy-King" on the throne of Egypt
1350 BC Forged (tempered) Iron comes into use by the Hittites - "Iron Age" continues into modern times
1350 BC Biblical Walls of Jericho fall (due to earthquake?)
1350 BC First known outbreak of Smallpox when Hittite warriors catch disease from Egyptian prisoners
1314 BC 19th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitols Tanis & Thebes - Military power in recurrent wars
1300 BC Conquest of Jericho from the Canaanites by Joshua (dated between 1400BC to 1250BC)
1294 BC Battle of Kadesh (Qadesh, on Orontes River, Syria), between Rameses II of Egypt and Hittite King Muwatalis. Ramses was unable to capture Kadesh and eventually made peace.
1292 BC Ramses II begins reign of 67 years in Egypt till his death in 1225 - Egypt reaches its zeneth during his reign
1280 BC Troy sacked by the Greeks
1274 BC Ramses' Battle of Kadesh
1259 BC Non-aggression peace treaty established between Egypt and Hettites after long conflict.
1230 BC Exodus of the Jews from Egypt by Moses, during the reign of Ramses-II
1200 BC 20th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitol Thebes - Recovery and Decadence of Central Power
Nebuchadrezzar I expels Elamites.
1185 BC Beginning of the Ionian immigration in the Aegean Sea region
1184 BC Ramses III comes to power in Egypt
1180 BC First Babylonian Dynasty falls into anarchy.
1100 BC The YoYo comes into use in Greece as the 2nd oldest known toy - Only the doll is older.
King Tiglath-Pileser I leads Assyria to new era of power.
Iron, introduced originally by Hittites, is used extensively in Assyria for tools and weapons.
1085 BC 21st Dynasty in Egypt - Capitols Tanis & Thebes - Power splits with Lower Egypt ruled from Tanis and Upper Egypt ruled from Thebes
1075 BC "New" Kingdom (1570-1075) in Egypt ends
1075 BC Stonehenge fourth and final phase completed
1012-922 Kings: Saul, David and Solomon reign over United 12 Hebrew Tribes (Kingdoms)
1010 BC Saul and Israelites defeat Philistines at Mount Gilboa
1000 BC A cult of "Zeus" formed at Olympia in the valley of the River Alpheus, where locals sacrificed animals to the God Zeus and hosted festivals.
Assyrian empire shattered by Aramaean and Zagros tribes. 150 Assyrian decline halted by Adadnirari II.
970-931 BC Reign of King Solomon who rules over the 12 Tribes of Israel
966 BC King Solomon begins construction of First Temple on Mount Mariah in Jerusalem
958 BC Temple (first) on Mount Mariah in Jerusalem completed by King Solomon
930 BC Death of King Solomon - Division of the 12 Hebrew Tribes, Israel (10) 922-721 Judah (2) 922-586
814 BC Traditional time for the founding of Carthage on the North Coast of Africa (modern day Tunisia)
800-750 BC Iron Age settlement on Palatine Hill, along the Tiber River, the site of future Rome, cremation of the dead becomes common.
Tiglath-Pileser II creates great empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the borders of Egypt.
Sargon II builds new capitol at Dur-Sharrukin
776 BC Olympic Games instituted in Greece with the Stadion, a 192 meter (600 ft) footrace. The Games were a 5-day athletic festival to honor Zeus, King of the Gods
EARLY ROMAN (Etruscan) PERIOD 753 BC to 510 BC
753 BC Traditional year for the founding of Rome by Romulus
753-715 BC ROMULUS - King of Rome
745-612 BC Assyrian Empire - Time of Jewish prophet Isaiah
727 BC Hezekiah becomes King of Judah
724 BC The Diaulos (384 meter foot race) added to Olympic Games
722 BC Israelite capitol of Samaria falls to Sargon, King of Assyria, resulting in the dispersion of the "Ten Tribes of Israel" into Assyria and Persia-Media, where their history is said to have ended
720 BC The Dolichos (long distance run) added to Olympic Games
718 BC The Eternal Flame of Rome is ignited, tended by the Vestal Virgins. It was the longest lasting fire, continuing to burn for 1112 years until it was allowed to die-out in 394 AD
715-673 NUMA POMPILIUS - King of Rome
708 BC The Pentathion (wrestling, stadion, long-jump, discus, javelin) becomes a part the Olympic Games
705 BC Death of Sargon II, King of Assyria
704 BC Sennacherib (Senake-riba) comes to power over Syria / Babylon
701 BC First invasion of Judah by Sennacherib (Senake-riba), which routed rebellious Jews and exacted a heavy toll upon them.
700 BC Early Rome at odds with its neighbors, the "Sabines"; with later compromises
Assurbanipal extends empire from Nile to Caucasus Mountains. Chaldeans and Iranian Medes overrun Assyria - Neo-Babylonian empire.
Sennacherib's son, Esaraddon, rebuilds Babylon.
600 BC Nebuchadrezzar II rules Neo-Babylonian empire. Razes Jerusalem, takes Jews into captivity in Babylon.
Builds "Tower of Babel," temple to Marduk
500 BC Cyrus the Great, Persian warrior and statesman, conquers Babylon.
730-790 Roman and Sabine Kings alternately rule over Roman territories
690 BC Second invasion of Judah by Sennacherib thwarted by a plague in the 185,000 man Assyrian Army.
689 BC City of Babylon (Mesopotamia on Euphrates River) destroyed by the Assyrians under Sennacherib.
688 BC Boxing added to the Olympic Games during the XXIII Olympiad
688 BC Sennacherib (Senake-riba) ends 2nd siege of Jeruselem after sudden deaths of 185,000 soldiers within his Assyrian Army due to disease plaque (smallpox, black death, anthrax?)
681 BC Sennacherib (Senake-riba) , King of Assyria, assassinated by two of his sons. Esarhaddon comes to power
680 BC Four horse Chariot Race becomes a part of the Olympic Games
680 BC Estruscan Tarquins take control of Rome
673-642 TULLUS HOSTILIUS - King of Rome
670 BC First major bridge "Pons Sublicius" (wood piles) built across the Tiber River to the Temple to Jupiter
669 BC Esarhaddon, King of Assyria-Mesopotamia, dies - Ashurbonipal comes to power
667 BC Byzantium City (future Constantinople) founded by Megara Greeks
666 BC Ashurbonipal establishes world's first library
665 BC Traditional date for founding of Cyrene by Greeks from Thera
650-550 Celtic tribes from central Europe encrouch on northern Italy
648 BC The Pankration (boxing, wrestling, general free-for-all) and a Horse Race become a part of the Olympic Games
642-617 ANCUS MARTIUS - King of Rome
627 BC Ashurbonipal, King of Assyria-Mesopotamia dies - Nabopolassar vies for thrown of Babylonia.
626 BC Nabopolasser of Babylonia begins campaign to conquer Assyria.
616-510 Rome dominated by the Etruscan culture in northern Italy
616-579 Lucius TARQUINIUS PRISCUS (Tarquin I) - First Etruscan King of Rome, takes peacful control of Rome
612 BC City of Ninevah captured by Nabopolassar allied with the Medes and Persians bringing the downfall of Assyrian Empire. New Babylonian (Chaldaean) Empire established.
605 BC Nebuchadnezzar-II defeats Pharoh Necho at Carchemish to become ruler of Western Asia (Babylonia)
605 BC Nabopolassar of Babylonia dies, succeded by Nebuchadnezzar-II
605-562 Nebuchadnezzar, reigns as King of Babylonia; builds "Hanging Gardens"
600 BC Public Square "The Forum Romanum" is created in Rome
600 BC Tradition of Cremation becomes a part of Roman Culture
597-586 Nebuchadnezzar crushes Judian revolt and places Zedekiah, as puppit king, who reigns as the Last King of Judah for nine years until 586 BC.
586 BC Destruction of Jerusalem and Temple of Solomon by Nebuzarradan, under orders of King Nebuchadnezzar - The Babylonian Captivity and Exile of Judah begins
580 BC Birth of Cyrus the Great of Persia
578-535 Servius TARQUINIUS TULLIUS - Latin King of Rome, son in law of Tarquinius Priscus
575 BC City of Babylon becomes largest city in the ancient world of that time
570 BC Tower of Babal constructed in City of Babylon
562 BC Nebuchadnezzar age 84, King of Babylonia, dies.
559 BC Cyres the Great comes to power in Persia
550 BC Cyrus the Great founds Persian Empire - Temple of Artemis (called Temple of Diana by the Romans) built in Ephesus (Kucuk Menderes), W. Turkey.
550 BC Gold coins come into use in Sardis, Western Turkey
549 BC Belshazzar comes to power in Babylonia
546 BC Cyrus captures Croeses and Lydia becomes a satrapy under Persian government.
538 BC Cyrus the Great of Persia, conquers Babylonia, deposing King Belshazzar who saw "the writing on the wall" -" Mene Mene Tekel Upharson" - "Weighed in the balance and found wanting").
537 BC Cyrus King of Persia issues the famous edict ending the Babylonian Captivity of Judah, who return to Jerusalem to build 2nd (Zerubbabel's) Temple - Cuniform writing declines in use.
535 BC Construction on Isle of Samos of oldest known tunnel still in use, originally for water, now used by pedestrians between Greece and Turkey
535-510 Lucius TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, "The Proud" (Tarquin II) - Last Etruscan King of Rome
529 BC Death of Cyrus the Great of Persia
525 BC Persian conquest of Egypt - Cambyses becomes Pharaoh
525 BC Foot race, in armor, added to Olympic Games
522 BC Darius-I, "The Great" rules over Persia till 484BC
521 BC First written reference to Iron in China
515 BC Second (Zerubbabel's) Temple on Mount Moriah completed at Jerusalem, of which only the sacred "Western Wall" remains today
510 BC Tarquinius Superbus and other "Tarquins" expelled from Rome
Sources:
http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Mesochro.html
http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Anculture.html
http://www.legionxxiv.org/etruscantimeline/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Assyria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Babylon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_king_list
***
Assignment ko to sa Area Studies 124.. bara bara lang..tsk tsk.. wala ng time eh.. late ko na nga ito isusubmit eh.. Hay, wat's happening to me again? nagiging iresponsible na naman ako.
- Sumerian Rulers
Ante-diluvian kings, legendary, or earlier than ca. the 26th century BC. Their rules are measured in sars - periods of 3600 years - the next unit up after 60 in Sumerian counting (3600 = 60x60), and in ners - units of 600.
• Alulim of Eridu(g): 8 sars (28800 years)
• Alalgar of Eridug: 10 sars (36000 years)
• En-Men-Lu-Ana of Bad-Tibira: 12 sars (43200 years)
• En-Men-Ana 1, 2
• En-Men-Gal-Ana of Bad-Tibira: 8 sars (28800 years)
• Dumuzi of Bad-Tibira, the shepherd: 10 sars (36000 years)
• En-Sipad-Zid-Ana of Larag: 8 sars (28800 years)
• En-Men-Dur-Ana of Zimbir: 5 sars and 5 ners (21000 years)
• Ubara-Tutu of Shuruppag: 5 sars and 1 ner (18600 years)
• Zin-Suddu 1
Early Dynastic II
26th century BC. Many rulers known from contemporary inscriptions are not found in the King Lists.
• Jushur of Kish: 1200 years
• Kullassina-bel of Kish: 960 years
• Nangishlishma of Kish: 670 years
• En-Tarah-Ana of Kish: 420 years
• Babum of Kish: 300 years
• Puannum of Kish: 840 years
• Kalibum of Kish: 960 years
• Kalumum of Kish: 840 years
• Zuqaqip of Kish: 900 years
• Atab of Kish: 600 years
• Mashda of Kish: 840 years
• Arwium of Kish: 720 years
• Etana of Kish, the shepherd, who ascended to heaven and consolidated all the foreign countries: 1500 years
• Balih of Kish: 400 years
• En-Me-Nuna of Kish: 660 years
• Melem-Kish of Kish: 900 years
• Barsal-Nuna of Kish: 1200 years
• Zamug of Kish: 140 years
• Tizqar of Kish: 305 years
• Ilku of Kish: 900 years
• Iltasadum of Kish: 1200 years
• En-Men-Barage-Si of Kish, who conquered Elam: 900 years (this is the earliest ruler in the list who is confirmed independently from epigraphical evidence)
• Aga of Kish: 625 years
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to E-ana.
First Dynasty of Uruk
• Mesh-ki-ang-gasher of E-ana, son of Utu: 324 years.
Mesh-ki-ang-gasher went into the Sea and disappeared.
• Enmerkar, who built Unug: 420 years
• Lugalbanda of Unug, the shepherd: 1200 years
• Dumuzid of Unug, the fisherman: 100 years. Captured En-Me-Barage-Si of Kish.
• Gilgamesh, whose father was a "phantom", lord of Kulaba: 126 years.
• Ur-Nungal of Unug: 30 years
• Udul-Kalama of Unug: 15 years
• La-Ba'shum of Unug: 9 years
• En-Nun-Tarah-Ana of Unug: 8 years
• Mesh-He of Unug: 36 years
• Melem-Ana of Unug: 6 years
• Lugal-Kitun of Unug: 36 years
Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim.
First dynasty of Ur
ca. 25th century BC
• Mesh-Ane-Pada of Urim: 80 years
• Mesh-Ki-Ang-Nanna of Urim: 36 years
• Elulu of Urim: 25 years
• Balulu of Urim: 36 years
Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Awan.
Awan
• Three kings of Awan, ruling for a total of 356 years
• Peli (ca. 2450 BC)
• Taar, Tari or Tata
• Ukku-tahish
• Hishur
• Shushun-tarana
• Napil-hush,
• Kiku-siwe-temti
• Luh-ishan
• Hishep-ratep
• Eshpum (?)
• Ilishmani (?)
• Epirmupi (?)
• Helu (ca. 2300-2280 BC)
• Hita (ca. 2280-2250 BC)
• (Akkadian dominion)
• (Shimpishuk)
• Kutik-Inshushinak (ca. 2240-2220 BC)
• (neo-Sumerian dominion)
Second Dynasty Kish
• Susuda of Kish: 201 years
• Dadasig of Kish: 81 years
• Mamagal of Kish, the boatman: 360 years
• Kalbum of Kish: 195 years
• Tuge of Kish: 360 years
• Men-Nuna of Kish: 180 years
• ? of Kish: 290 years
• Lugalngu of Kish: 360 years
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Hamazi.
Hamazi
• Hadanish of Hamazi: 360 years
Then Hamazi was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug.
Second Dynasty of Uruk
• En-Shakansha-Ana of Unug: 60 years
• Lugal-Ure (or Lugal-Kinishe-Dudu) of Unug: 120 years
• Argandea of Unug: 7 years
Then Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to Urim.
Second Dynasty of Ur
• Nani of Urim: 120 years
• Mesh-Ki-Ang-Nanna of Urim: 48 years
• ? of Urim: 2 years
Then Urim was defeated and the kingship was taken to Adab.
Adab
• Lugal-Anne-Mundu of Adab: 90 years
Then Adab was defeated and the kingship was taken to Mari.
Mari
• Anbu of Mari: 30 years
• Anba of Mari: 17 years
• Bazi of Mari: 30 years
• Zizi of Mari: 20 years
• Limer of Mari, the gudu priest: 30 years
• Sharrum-Iter of Mari: 9 years
Then Mari was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish.
Third Dynasty of Kish
• Kug-Baba of Kish, the woman tavern-keeper, who made firm the foundations of Kish: 100 years
(the only woman in the King Lists)
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Akshak.
Akshak
• Unzi of Akshak: 30 years
• Undalulu of Akshak: 6 years
• Urur of Akshak: 6 years
• Puzur-Nirah of Akshak: 20 years
• Ishu-Il of Akshak: 24 years
• Shu-Sin of Akshak: 7 years
Then Akshak was defeated and the kingship was taken to Kish.
Fourth Dynasty of Kish
• Puzur-Sin of Kish: 25 years
• Ur-Zababa of Kish: 400 (6?) years
• Zimudar of Kish: 30 years
• Ussi-Watar of Kish: 7 years
• Eshtar-Muti of Kish: 11 years
• Ishme-Shamash of Kish: 11 years
• Shu-Ilishu of Kish: 15 years
• Nanniya of Kish, the jeweller: 7 years.
Then Kish was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug.
Third Dynasty of Uruk
• Lugal-Zage-Si of Unug: 25 years
(2259 BC–2235 BC short chronology) defeated Lagash.
Akkad
• Sargon, whose father was a gardener, the cupbearer of Ur-Zababa, the king (first emperor) of Agade, who built Agade: 40 years
(ca. 2235 BC short chronology)
• Rimush, younger son of Sargon: 9 years
• Man-Ishtishu, older son of Sargon: 15 years
• Naram-Sin, son of Man-Ishtishu: 56 years
• Shar-Kali-Sharri, son of Naram-Sin: 25 years
Then who was king? Who was the king?
• Irgigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu: four of them ruled for only 3 years
• Dudu: 21 years
• Shu-Durul, son of Dudu: 15 years
Then Agade was defeated and the kingship was taken to Unug.
Fourth Dynasty of Uruk
(Possibly rulers of lower Mesopotamia contemporary with the dynasty of Akkad)
• Ur-Ningin of Unug: 7 years
• Ur-Gigir of Unug: 6 years
• Kuda of Unug: 6 years
• Puzur-Ili of Unug: 5 years
• Ur-Utu (or Lugal-Melem) of Unug: 25 years
Unug was defeated and the kingship was taken to the army of Gutium.
Gutian period
In the army of Gutium, at first no king was famous; they were their own kings and ruled thus for 3 years
• Inkishush of Gutium: 6 years
• Zarlagab of Gutium: 6 years
• Shulme (or Yarlagash) of Gutium: 6 years
• Silulumesh (or Silulu) of Gutium: 6 years
• Inimabakesh (or Duga) of Gutium: 5 years
• Igeshaush (or Ilu-An) of Gutium: 6 years
• Yarlagab of Gutium: 3 years
• Ibate of Gutium: 3 years
• Yarla of Gutium: 3 years
• Kurum of Gutium: 1 year
• Apil-Kin of Gutium: 3 years
• La-Erabum of Gutium: 2 years
• Irarum of Gutium: 2 years
• Ibranum of Gutium: 1 year
• Hablum of Gutium: 2 years
• Puzur-Sin of Gutium: 7 years
• Yarlaganda of Gutium: 7 years
• ? of Gutium: 7 years
• Tiriga of Gutium: 40 days
Uruk
• Utu-hegal of Unug: conflicting dates (427 years / 26 years / 7 years)
drives out the Gutians
Third dynasty of Ur
"Sumerian Renaissance"
• Ur-Nammu of Urim: 18 years
ruled ca. 2065 BC–2047 BC short chronology.
• Shulgi: 46 years
ruled ca. 2047 BC–1999 BC short chronology.
• Amar-Sina of Urim: 9 years
• Shu-Sin of Urim: 9 years
• Ibbi-Sin of Urim: 24 years
Then Urim was defeated. The very foundation of Sumer was torn out (?). The kingship was taken to Isin.
Dynasty of Isin
Independent Amorite states in lower Mesopotamia. The dynasty ends at ca. 1730 BC short chronology.
• Ishbi-Erra of Isin: 33 years
• Shu-ilishu of Isin: 20 years
• Iddin-Dagan of Isin: 20 years
• Ishme-Dagan of Isin: 20 years
• Lipit-Eshtar of Isin 11 years
• Ur-Ninurta of Isin (the son of Ishkur, may he have years of abundance, a good reign, and a sweet life): 28 years
• Bur-Sin of Isin: 5 years
• Lipit-Enlil of Isin: 5 years
• Erra-Imitti of Isin: 8 years
• Enlil-Bani of Isin: 24 years (the king's gardener, to celebrate the New Year was named 'king for a day' then sacrificed, the king died during the celebration. Enlil-Bani remained on the throne.)
• Zambiya of Isin: 3 years
• Iter-Pisha of Isin: 4 years
• Ur-Dul-Kuga of Isin: 4 years
• Suen-magir of Isin: 11 years
• Damiq-ilicu of Isin: 23 years
Assyrian Rulers
Early Period
"The Kings who lived in tents"
• Ikunum (?)
• Tudiya (ca. 2500 BC)
• Adamu
• Yangi
• Suhlamu
• Harharu
• Mandaru
• Imsu
• HAR-su
• Didanu
• Hana
• Zuabu
• Nuabu
• Abazu
• Belu
• Azarah
• Ushpia (ca. 2020 BC?)
"Kings who were forefathers" (listed in reverse order by the Assyrian King List)
• Apiashal son of Ushpia
• Hale son of Apiashal
• Samani son of Hale
• Hayani son of Samani
• Ilu-Mer son of Hayani
• Yakmesi son of Ilu-Mer
• Yakmeni son of Yakmesi
• Yazkur-el son of Yakmeni
• Ila-kabkaba son of Yazkur-el
• Aminu son of Ila-kabkaba
"Kings whose eponyms are destroyed(?)"
• Sulili son of Aminu
• Kikkia (ca. 2000-1985)
• Akiya (ca. 1985-1970)
• Puzur-Ashur I (ca. 1970-1960)
• Shallim-ahhe (ca. 1960-1945)
• Ilushuma (ca. 1945-1906) (raids into southern Mesopotamia)
Old Assyrian Period
• Erishum I (ca. 1906-1867 BC)
• Ikunum (ca. 1867-1860 BC)
• Sargon I (ca. 1860-1850 BC) (rule at the Temple / Castle of Nimud, see Nimrud)
• Puzur-Ashur II (ca. 1850-1830 BC)
• Naram-Sin (ca. 1830-1815 BC)
• Erishum II (ca. 1815-1809 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad I (ca. 1809-1781 BC)
• Ishme-Dagan I (ca. 1780-1741 BC)
• Mut-Ashkur (ca. 1730-1720 BC)
• Rimush (ca. 1720-1710 BC)
• Asinum (ca. 1710-1706 BC)
• anarchy, seven usurpers (ca.1706-1700 BC)
o Assur-dugul "son of a nobody, not suitable to the throne"
o Assur-apla-idi (first of "six kings son(s) of a nobody")
o Nasir-Sin
o Sin-namir
o Ibqi-Ishtar
o Adad-salulu
o Adasi
• Belu-bani (ca.1700-1691 BC)
• Libaia (ca.1690-1674 BC)
• Sharma-Adad I (ca.1673-1662 BC)
• Iptar-Sin (ca.1661-1650 BC)
• Bazaia (ca.1649-1622 BC)
• Lullaia (ca.1621-1618 BC)
• Shu-Ninua (ca.1615-1602 BC)
• Sharma-Adad II (ca.1601 BC-1598 BC)
• Erishum III (ca.1598-1586 BC, traditional date, or ca.1580-1567 BC, newer dating)
• Shamshi-Adad II (ca.1567-1561 BC)
• Ishme-Dagan II (1561-1545 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad III (1545-1529 BC)
• Ashur-nirari I (1529-1503 BC)
• Puzur-Ashur III (1503-1479 BC)
• Enlil-nasir I (1479-1466 BC)
• Nur-ili (1466-1454 BC)
• Ashur-shaduni (1454 BC)
• Ashur-rabi I (1453-ca.1435 BC)
• Ashur-nadin-ahhe I (ca.1435-1420 BC)
• Enlil-nasir II (1420-1414 BC)
• Ashur-nirari II (1414-1407 BC)
• Ashur-bel-nisheshu (1407-1398 BC)
• Ashur-rim-nisheshu (1398-1390 BC)
• Ashur-nadin-ahhe II (1390-1380 BC)
Middle Assyrian Period
• Eriba-Adad I (1380-1353 BC)
• Ashur-uballit I (1353-1317 BC)
• Enlil-nirari (1317-1307 BC)
• Arik-den-ili (1307-1295 BC)
• Adad-nirari I (1295-1263 BC)
• Shalmaneser I (1263-1233 BC)
• Tukulti-Ninurta I (1233-1196 BC)
• Ashur-nadin-apli (1196-1193 BC)
• Ashur-nirari III (1193-1187 BC)
• Enlil-kudurri-usur (1187-1182 BC)
• Ninurta-apal-Ekur (1182-1179 BC)
• Ashur-Dan I (1179-1133 BC)
• Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur (1133 BC)
• Mutakkil-nusku (1133 BC)
• Ashur-resh-ishi I (1133-1115 BC)
• Tiglath-Pileser I (1115-1076 BC)
• Asharid-apal-Ekur (1076-1074 BC)
• Ashur-bel-kala (1074-1056 BC)
• Eriba-Adad II (1056-1054 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad IV (1054-1050 BC)
• Ashur-nasir-pal I (1050-1031 BC)
• Shalmaneser II (1031-1019 BC)
• Ashur-nirari IV (1019-1013 BC)
• Ashur-rabi II (1013-972 BC)
• Ashur-resh-ishi II (972-967 BC)
• Tiglath-Pileser II (967-935 BC)
• Ashur-Dan II (935-912 BC)
Neo-Assyrian Period
• Adad-nirari II (912 - 891 BC)
• Tukulti-Ninurta II (891 - 884 BC)
• Ashur-nasir-pal II (884 - 859 BC)
• Shalmaneser III (859 - 824 BC)
• Shamshi-Adad V (822 - 811 BC)
• Adad-nirari III (811 - 783 BC)
o Sammu-ramat (Semiramis), regent, (811 - 805 BC)
• Shalmaneser IV (783 - 773 BC)
• Ashur-Dan III (773 - 755 BC)
• Ashur-nirari V (755 - 745 BC)
• Tiglath-Pileser III (745 - 727 BC)
• Shalmaneser V (727 - 722 BC)
End of the document known as Assyrian King List; the following kings reigned after the list had been composed.
• Sargon II (722 - 705 BC)
• Sennacherib (705 - 681 BC)
• Esarhaddon (681 - 669 BC)
• Ashurbanipal (669 - c.631 or 627 BC)
• Ashur-etil-ilani (631/627 - 623 BC) (631-627 "regent" for his father Ashurbanipal)
• Sin-shumu-lishir (623 BC)
• Sin-shar-ishkun (623 - 612 BC)
In 612 BC, Nineveh, the Assyrian capital, fell to the Medes and Babylonians; supported by the Egyptians, an Assyrian general continued to rule for a few years from Harran as
• Ashur-uballit II (612- c.609 BC)
Babylonian Rulers
First Dynasty of Babylon
• Sumu-abum 1894-1881 BC
• Sumu-la-El 1880-1845 BC
• Sabium 1844-1831 BC
• Apil-Sîn 1830-1813 BC
• Sin-muballit 1812-1793 BC
• Hammurabi 1792-1750 BC
• Samsu-Iluna 1749-1712 BC
• Abi-Eshuh 1711-1684 BC
• Ammi-Ditana 1683-1647 BC
• Ammi-Saduqa 1646-1626 BC
• Samsu-Ditana 1625-1595 BC
Early Kassite Monarchs
These rulers did not rule Babylon itself, but their numbering scheme was continued by later Kassite Kings of Babylon, and so they are listed here.
• Gandash fl. c.1730 BC
• Agum I
• Kashtiliash I
• Ushshi
• Abirattash
• Kashtiliash II
• Urzigurumash
• Harbashihu
• Tiptakzi
Sealand Dynasty (Dynasty II of Babylon)
• Iluma-ilum fl. c.1732 BC
• Itti-ili-nibi
• Damiq-ilishu
• Ishkibal
• Shushushi
• Gulkishar
• Peshgaldaramash
• Adarakalamma
• Ekurduanna
• Melamkurkukka
• [1 unnamed king between Gulkishar and Ea-gamil(?)]
• Ea-gamil fl. c. 1460 BC
Kassite Dynasty (Third Dynasty of Babylon)
• Agum II fl. c.1570 BC
• Burna-Buriaš I
• Kaštiliaš III
• Ulam-Buriaš
• Agum III
• Kadašman-harbe I
• Karaindaš
• Kurigalzu I d.1377 BC
• Kadašman-Enlil I 1377-1361 BC
• Burna-Buriaš II 1361-1333 BC
• Karahardaš 1333-1331 BC
• Nazibugaš 1331 BC
• Kurigalzu II 1331-1306 BC
• Nazimaruttaš 1306-1280 BC
• Kadašman-Turgu 1280-1262 BC
• Kadašman-Enlil II 1262-1254 BC
• Kudur-Enlil 1254-1245 BC
• Šagarakti-Šuriaš 1245-1232 BC
• Kaštiliaš IV 1232-1224 BC
• Enlil-nadin-šumi 1224-1221
• Adad-šuma-iddina 1221-1215
• Adad-šuma-usur 1215-1185 BC
• Melišipak 1185-1170 BCE
• Marduk-apal-iddina I 1170-1157 BC
• Zababa-šuma-iddina 1157-1156 BC
• Enlil-nadin-ahhe 1156-1153 BC
Dynasty IV of Babylon, from Isin
• Marduk-kabit-ahhešu 1155-1146 BCE
• Itti-Marduk-balatu 1146-1132 BCE
• Ninurta-nadin-šumi 1132-1126 BCE
• Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadnezzar I) 1126-1103 BCE
• Enlil-nadin-apli 1103-1100 BCE
• Marduk-nadin-ahhe 1100-1082 BCE
• Marduk-šapik-zeri 1082-1069 BCE
• Adad-apla-iddina 1069-1046 BCE
• Marduk-ahhe-eriba 1046 BCE
• Marduk-zer-X 1046-1033 BCE
• Nabu-šum-libur 1033-1025 BCE
Dynasty V of Babylon
• Simbar-šipak 1025-1008 BCE
• Ea-mukin-šumi 1008 BCE
• Kaššu-nadin 1008-1004 BCE
Dynasty VI of Babylon
• Eulma-šakin-šumi 1004-987 BCE
• Ninurta-kudurri-usur 987-985 BCE
• Širiqti-šuqamunu 985 BCE
Dynasty VII of Babylon
• Mar-biti-apla-usur 985-979 BCE
Dynasty VIII of Babylon
• Nabu-mukin-apli 979-943 BCE
Dynasty IX of Babylon
• Ninurta-kudurri-usur 943 BCE
• Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 943-c.920 BCE
• Šamaš-mudammiq c.920-900 BCE
• Nabu-šuma-ukin 900-888 BCE
• Nabu-apla-iddina 888-855 BCE
• Marduk-zakir-šumi I 855-819 BCE
• Marduk-balassu-iqbi 819-813 BCE
• Baba-aha-iddina 813-811 BCE
• 5 kings 811-c.800 BCE
• Ninurta-apla-X c.800-c.790 BCE
• Marduk-bel-zeri c.790-c.780 BCE
• Marduk-apla-usur c.780-769 BCE
• Eriba-Marduk 769-761 BCE
• Nabu-šuma-iškun 761-748 BCE
Dynasty IX of Babylon
From this point on, the Babylonian chronology is securely known via Ptolemy's Canon of Kings and other sources.
• Nabonassar (Nabu-nasir) 748-734 BCE
• Nabu-nadin-zeri 734-732 BCE
• Nabu-šuma-ukin II 732 BCE
Dynasty X of Babylon (Assyrians and Chaldeans)
• Nabu-mukin-zeri, 732-729 BCE
• Pulu (Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria) 729-727 BCE
• Ululayu (Shalmaneser V of Assyria) 727-722 BCE
• Marduk-apal-iddina II (the Biblical Merodach-Baladan), 722-710 BCE
• Šarrukin (Sargon) II of Assyria, 710-705 BCE
• Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria, 705-703 BCE
• Marduk-zakir-šumi II, 703 BCE
• Marduk-apal-iddina II, 703 BCE (restored)
• Bel-ibni, 703-700 BCE
• Aššur-nadin-šumi (son of Sennacherib of Assyria), 700-694 BCE
• Nergal-ušezib, 694-693 BCE
• Mušezib-Marduk, 693-689 BCE
Assyrian Sack of Babylon, 689 BCE; Babylon is rebuilt by Esarhaddon of Assyria in the 670s BCE
• Sin-ahhe-eriba (Sennacherib) of Assyria, 689-681 BCE
• Aššur-ahha-iddina (Esarhaddon) of Assyria, 681-669 BCE
• Šamaš-šum-ukin (son of Esarhaddon), 668-648 BCE
• Kandalanu (possibly Ashurbanipal of Assyria or else a viceroy), 648-627 BCE
Dynasty XI of Babylon (Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean)
• Nabu-apla-usur (Nabopolassar) 626 - 605 BCE
• Nabu-kudurri-usur (Nebuchadrezzar) II 605 - 562 BCE
• Amel-Marduk 562 - 560 BCE
• Nergal-šar-usur (Nergal-sharezer) 560 - 556 BCE
• Labaši-Marduk 556 BCE
• Nabu-na'id (Nabonidus) 556 - 539 BCE
• Kambyses 538 - 522 BCE
In 539 BCE, Babylon was captured by Cyrus the Great of Persia, and lost its independence. His son was crowned one year later formaly as King of Babylonia
• Culture
The Ancient World Culture
Mesopotamia
9000-500 BC
Sumer, Babylonia, Assyrian
Government
Devine ownership of all entrusted to kings as divine representatives of gods' will; Hammurabic Code, laws governing civil laws governing civil and criminal acts; Conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia
Religion
Heirarchy of gods; Enlil, god of air and storms, supreme ruler of Sumerian pantheon; ziggurat temples
Literature
cuneiform (trans. by H. Creswicke, 1835); Epic of Gilgamesh; Noah and Job myths
Art
Standard of Ur; panels depicting all classes of Sumerian society
Daily Life
hydraulic society - based on irrigation control and flood management; small but powerful aristocracy; large middle class; a minority population of slaves who could transact business and purchase their freedom
________________________________________
Egypt
3200-30BC
Government
Heirarchy with the pharaohs having absolute power; Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms' stability interrupted by long periods of instability and chaos; Alexander conquers
Religion
preoccupation with life after death; elaborate efforts to duplicate life on earth with life in the netherworld; pyramids; power of gods linked to natural forces
Literature
hieroglyphics, not translated until the Rosetta Stone, 1820; Egyptian Book of the Dead
Art
Movement from realism to highly stylized figures, found in tombs murals and artifacts; Tut = least pillaged pyramid
Daily Life
hydraulic society religion = most powerful social force; dependent upon huge slave population, often Hebrews, who did not have social mobility; records indicating strong family ties
________________________________________
Israel
1800 - 70AD
Moses, Saul, David, Solomon
Government
rule of prophets and reign of kings split by civil war and eventual destruction of Jerusalem; Theocractic rule; final destruction of temple by Titus; Jews sent into exile.
Religion
belief in invisible, omnipotent god, in collective + personal responsibility, repentance, and salvation; Mosaic Law - 10; Commandments and Torah; Talmud = commentaries
Literature
Old Testament: Torah, histories, prophetic writings, Psalms
Art
Did not believe in "craven" imagery; implements were often decorated
Daily Life
temple as social-religious center for community religious laws determined behavior, diet, hygiene, etc.; literacy required for confirmation (bar mitzvah)
The First Sumerian Cities
One of the first cities... of the Sumerians, was the very "Lagash", of whose conquest... Sargon of Akkad, had boasted! Their dynasty started circa 2900 BC, and lasted for 650 years. During this time 43 "EN.SI’s" (Righteous Rulers)... reigned without interruption in Lagash: Their names, genealogies, and lengths of rule, were all neatly recorded.
The "Ziggurat" Temple - tower... was used in Mesopotamian religions,being the foremost religious edifice. Ziggurats... were erected from around 2200 BCE until 500 BCE, and there are about 25 left today, covering the area... from southern Babylonia (Baghad, Iraq), all the way north to Assyria.
Chronology of Events
8000 BC City of Jericho founded, the oldest inhabited settlement on earth.
6000 BC Migration of northern farmers settle in region from Babylon to Persian Gulf. Hassuna culture introduces irrigation, fine pottery, permanent dwellings; dominates culture for 1000 years, develops tradefrom Persian Gulf to Mediterranean.
5600 BC Postulated time of the Biblical Noah's Flood in the Black Sea region
5508 BC Byzantine equivalent date for the Creation of the World
5500 BC Evidence of prehistoric culture in Sumeria region of southern Mesopotamia
5000 BC Ubaidians develop first divisions of labor, mud brick villages, first religious shrines. Small temple at Eridu - earliest example of an offering table and niche for cult object.
4977 BC Birth of the Universe according to Johannes Kepler
4000 BC Semitic nomads from Syria and Arabian peninsula invade southern Mesopotamia, intermingle with Ubaidian population. Temple at Tepe Gawra built - setting style for later examples.
3761 BC Jewish equivalent date for the Creation of the World
3550 BC Megiddo (Armageddon- N. Israel) established, prophesized in "Revelations"to be the site of the ultimate battle between the forces of Good and Evil on the Final Day of God
3500 BC First pyramids, made of earth, constructed in Peru.
Sumerians settle on banks of Euphrates. Temple at Eridu – ziggurat prototype
3400 BC The Bronze (copper + tin) Age begins following the end of the Neolithic (new stone) Age (from 10,000BC)
3300 BC Sumerians have the first kings, develop cuneiform writing, the wheel, the plow, the 60 second minute - Sumerian city-states emerge
3200 BC Menes (Narmer) King of Upper Egypt conquers Lower Egypt forming single (Old) Kingdom - Development of hieroglyphics in Egypt. Embalming of the dead developed in Egypt.
3100 BC First Dynasty of Egypt - Mesopotamia inhabited - Grapes first crushed and fermented to produce wine
3000 BC Ur and Uruk, the first recognized city-states on Earth, are established in the Sumer region of Southern Mesopotamia (Iraq) in the south end of the Fertile Crescent, where records for the first Kings, the wheel and the plow are found.
Democratic assemblies give way to kingships, evolve into hereditary monarchies.
Kish - leading Sumerian city
Introduction of pictographs to keep administrative records.
3-D statues, e.g. Warka head.
White Temple - ziggurat traditional design.
Temple at Tell Uqair - mosaic decorations.
cuneiform land sales formal contracts.
Eridu and Kish - simple palaces.
"Standard of Ur" - war-peace plaque, religious statues, gold and silver artifacts buried in tombs of Ur.
Sumerians of Abu Salabikh - first poetry.
3000 BC Potatos first cultivated in S.America - Corn grown as a crop in Mexico - Cotton grown in the Indus Valley - Ox-Plow used in Europe
2950 BC Jericho developed in Palestine - The oldest known inhabited city on Earth
2800 BC Ancient Minoan Culture on Island of Crete in Aegean Sea
2800 BC First phase of Stonehenge construction of wood
2750 BC Imhotep, the first great physician and architect in history, constructs the first (stepped) stone pyramid at Saqqara, Egypt under ruler Zoser; the first great monumental building built by man.
Gilgamesh, hero of Sumerian legends, reigns as king of Erech
2700 BC Sumerian culture develops in Mesopotamia - Temples and Palaces built of brick
2700 BC Spoked wheels come into use
2550 BC Khufu (Cheops-4th Dynasty) completes first Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt; which reigns as the tallest structure on Earth until completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889
2500 BC The horse is domesticated in China
2500 BC Egyptian warriors in chariots using composite bows of horn and wood, and half-once arrows with hollow reed shafts with a range of 400 yards
Lugalannemudu of Abab unites city states which vie for domination for 200 years.
2340 BC Akkadian Dynasty, the worlds first empire, established by Sargon of Sumeria; which falls in 2180BC.
2279 BC Sargon the Great of Sumeria dies
2250 BC Ur-Nammu founds Ur's 3rd. dynasty; dedicates ziggurat at Ur moon-god Nanna, sets up early law code. Gudea, Prince of Lagsh, art and lit patron,magnificant statues produced in his honor.
2200 BC Development of Troy II, III, IV
2197 BC Fall of Akkad in Sumeria to invading barbarians from Persia and northeast
2180 BC Babylonians build first underwater tunnel under the Euphrates River using bricks and "cut and cover" method
2060 BC Sumeria has revival under the third dynasty of UR which falls to the Babylonians c.1950BC
2080 BC "Middle" Kingdom (2080-1640) begins in Egypt
2050 BC Gilgamesh Epic of 3000 lines on 12 tablets, set down, telling of the Babylonian King of Uruk.
1991 BC 12th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitol Thebes - Expansion of the Empire
1950 BC Third Dynasty of UR falls to the Babylonians and the Sumerian era ends.
1920 BC Cannantites and beginning of religious monotheistic (one God) beliefs - Time of Abraham, founder of Judaism.
1900 BC Postulated time for the biblical destruction of Sodom & Gomorrah, the wicked "cities of the plain" in the Dead Sea region, also of Admah, Zeboiim and Zoar, of which Zoar was spared.
Amorites from Syrian desert conquer Sumer.
1800 BC Smelted (bloom) Iron comes into use - Bronze Age fades into the Iron Age
Hammurabi asccends Babylonian throne.
1792 BC Hammurabi founds and rules, until 1750 BC, over the original Empire of Babylonia (Mesopotamia), which was eventually destroyed by raiders from Asia Minor.
1760 BC Alphabetic writing emerges as simpler way of recording information than Egyptian hieroglyphics
1750 BC First Babylonian Dynasty arises after Hammurabi cedes power in Mesopotamia
1650 BC Hittite culture develops in the Lower Euphrates River Region
1640 BC "Middle" Kingdom (2080-1640) ends in Egypt
1622 BC 16th Dynasty begins in Egypt - Capitol Thebes - Re-conquest of power throughout Egypt
1600 BC Minoan culture on Crete at its zenith.
Hittite invasion from Turkey ends Hammurabi's dynasty.
1580 BC 18th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitols Thebes & Akhetaten - Triumph of Egyptian Empire over known world
1570 BC "New" Kingdom (1570-1075) in Egypt begins
1538 BC Island of Thera, (Atlantis?) now Santorini, destroyed by massive volcanic eruption. The resulting wave surge from this eruption was also responsible for the demise of the Manoan Civilization on Crete.
1525 BC 18th Dynasty in Egypt - Temple at Karnak, Egypt enriched to maximum glory
1500 BC Mayan civilization arises in Central America
1500 BC Irrigation from the Nile River in use in Egypt
1500 BC First bronze swords in use - Sundial in use in Egypt - Chinese invent the crossbow
Assyria conquered by Hurrians from Anatolia.
1486-1468 BC Hatshepsut (1505-1486) regent for her son, reigns in Egypt wearing male attire and the pharaoh's false beard
1469 BC Battle of Megiddo, Esdraelon, Palestine where Egyptians destroyed a rebel army and captured Megiddo after a siege of 3 weeks.
1450 BC Term "Pharoh" for Egyptian rulers comes into use. It is a hebrew term for "great house"
1450 BC Stonehenge third phase completed to present layout and form
1400 BC Knosses on Crete finally destroyed and the Minoan civilization fades into obscurity
Kurigalzu assumes Babylonian throne.
1354-1345 Tutankhamen, the "Boy-King" on the throne of Egypt
1350 BC Forged (tempered) Iron comes into use by the Hittites - "Iron Age" continues into modern times
1350 BC Biblical Walls of Jericho fall (due to earthquake?)
1350 BC First known outbreak of Smallpox when Hittite warriors catch disease from Egyptian prisoners
1314 BC 19th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitols Tanis & Thebes - Military power in recurrent wars
1300 BC Conquest of Jericho from the Canaanites by Joshua (dated between 1400BC to 1250BC)
1294 BC Battle of Kadesh (Qadesh, on Orontes River, Syria), between Rameses II of Egypt and Hittite King Muwatalis. Ramses was unable to capture Kadesh and eventually made peace.
1292 BC Ramses II begins reign of 67 years in Egypt till his death in 1225 - Egypt reaches its zeneth during his reign
1280 BC Troy sacked by the Greeks
1274 BC Ramses' Battle of Kadesh
1259 BC Non-aggression peace treaty established between Egypt and Hettites after long conflict.
1230 BC Exodus of the Jews from Egypt by Moses, during the reign of Ramses-II
1200 BC 20th Dynasty in Egypt - Capitol Thebes - Recovery and Decadence of Central Power
Nebuchadrezzar I expels Elamites.
1185 BC Beginning of the Ionian immigration in the Aegean Sea region
1184 BC Ramses III comes to power in Egypt
1180 BC First Babylonian Dynasty falls into anarchy.
1100 BC The YoYo comes into use in Greece as the 2nd oldest known toy - Only the doll is older.
King Tiglath-Pileser I leads Assyria to new era of power.
Iron, introduced originally by Hittites, is used extensively in Assyria for tools and weapons.
1085 BC 21st Dynasty in Egypt - Capitols Tanis & Thebes - Power splits with Lower Egypt ruled from Tanis and Upper Egypt ruled from Thebes
1075 BC "New" Kingdom (1570-1075) in Egypt ends
1075 BC Stonehenge fourth and final phase completed
1012-922 Kings: Saul, David and Solomon reign over United 12 Hebrew Tribes (Kingdoms)
1010 BC Saul and Israelites defeat Philistines at Mount Gilboa
1000 BC A cult of "Zeus" formed at Olympia in the valley of the River Alpheus, where locals sacrificed animals to the God Zeus and hosted festivals.
Assyrian empire shattered by Aramaean and Zagros tribes. 150 Assyrian decline halted by Adadnirari II.
970-931 BC Reign of King Solomon who rules over the 12 Tribes of Israel
966 BC King Solomon begins construction of First Temple on Mount Mariah in Jerusalem
958 BC Temple (first) on Mount Mariah in Jerusalem completed by King Solomon
930 BC Death of King Solomon - Division of the 12 Hebrew Tribes, Israel (10) 922-721 Judah (2) 922-586
814 BC Traditional time for the founding of Carthage on the North Coast of Africa (modern day Tunisia)
800-750 BC Iron Age settlement on Palatine Hill, along the Tiber River, the site of future Rome, cremation of the dead becomes common.
Tiglath-Pileser II creates great empire extending from the Persian Gulf to the borders of Egypt.
Sargon II builds new capitol at Dur-Sharrukin
776 BC Olympic Games instituted in Greece with the Stadion, a 192 meter (600 ft) footrace. The Games were a 5-day athletic festival to honor Zeus, King of the Gods
EARLY ROMAN (Etruscan) PERIOD 753 BC to 510 BC
753 BC Traditional year for the founding of Rome by Romulus
753-715 BC ROMULUS - King of Rome
745-612 BC Assyrian Empire - Time of Jewish prophet Isaiah
727 BC Hezekiah becomes King of Judah
724 BC The Diaulos (384 meter foot race) added to Olympic Games
722 BC Israelite capitol of Samaria falls to Sargon, King of Assyria, resulting in the dispersion of the "Ten Tribes of Israel" into Assyria and Persia-Media, where their history is said to have ended
720 BC The Dolichos (long distance run) added to Olympic Games
718 BC The Eternal Flame of Rome is ignited, tended by the Vestal Virgins. It was the longest lasting fire, continuing to burn for 1112 years until it was allowed to die-out in 394 AD
715-673 NUMA POMPILIUS - King of Rome
708 BC The Pentathion (wrestling, stadion, long-jump, discus, javelin) becomes a part the Olympic Games
705 BC Death of Sargon II, King of Assyria
704 BC Sennacherib (Senake-riba) comes to power over Syria / Babylon
701 BC First invasion of Judah by Sennacherib (Senake-riba), which routed rebellious Jews and exacted a heavy toll upon them.
700 BC Early Rome at odds with its neighbors, the "Sabines"; with later compromises
Assurbanipal extends empire from Nile to Caucasus Mountains. Chaldeans and Iranian Medes overrun Assyria - Neo-Babylonian empire.
Sennacherib's son, Esaraddon, rebuilds Babylon.
600 BC Nebuchadrezzar II rules Neo-Babylonian empire. Razes Jerusalem, takes Jews into captivity in Babylon.
Builds "Tower of Babel," temple to Marduk
500 BC Cyrus the Great, Persian warrior and statesman, conquers Babylon.
730-790 Roman and Sabine Kings alternately rule over Roman territories
690 BC Second invasion of Judah by Sennacherib thwarted by a plague in the 185,000 man Assyrian Army.
689 BC City of Babylon (Mesopotamia on Euphrates River) destroyed by the Assyrians under Sennacherib.
688 BC Boxing added to the Olympic Games during the XXIII Olympiad
688 BC Sennacherib (Senake-riba) ends 2nd siege of Jeruselem after sudden deaths of 185,000 soldiers within his Assyrian Army due to disease plaque (smallpox, black death, anthrax?)
681 BC Sennacherib (Senake-riba) , King of Assyria, assassinated by two of his sons. Esarhaddon comes to power
680 BC Four horse Chariot Race becomes a part of the Olympic Games
680 BC Estruscan Tarquins take control of Rome
673-642 TULLUS HOSTILIUS - King of Rome
670 BC First major bridge "Pons Sublicius" (wood piles) built across the Tiber River to the Temple to Jupiter
669 BC Esarhaddon, King of Assyria-Mesopotamia, dies - Ashurbonipal comes to power
667 BC Byzantium City (future Constantinople) founded by Megara Greeks
666 BC Ashurbonipal establishes world's first library
665 BC Traditional date for founding of Cyrene by Greeks from Thera
650-550 Celtic tribes from central Europe encrouch on northern Italy
648 BC The Pankration (boxing, wrestling, general free-for-all) and a Horse Race become a part of the Olympic Games
642-617 ANCUS MARTIUS - King of Rome
627 BC Ashurbonipal, King of Assyria-Mesopotamia dies - Nabopolassar vies for thrown of Babylonia.
626 BC Nabopolasser of Babylonia begins campaign to conquer Assyria.
616-510 Rome dominated by the Etruscan culture in northern Italy
616-579 Lucius TARQUINIUS PRISCUS (Tarquin I) - First Etruscan King of Rome, takes peacful control of Rome
612 BC City of Ninevah captured by Nabopolassar allied with the Medes and Persians bringing the downfall of Assyrian Empire. New Babylonian (Chaldaean) Empire established.
605 BC Nebuchadnezzar-II defeats Pharoh Necho at Carchemish to become ruler of Western Asia (Babylonia)
605 BC Nabopolassar of Babylonia dies, succeded by Nebuchadnezzar-II
605-562 Nebuchadnezzar, reigns as King of Babylonia; builds "Hanging Gardens"
600 BC Public Square "The Forum Romanum" is created in Rome
600 BC Tradition of Cremation becomes a part of Roman Culture
597-586 Nebuchadnezzar crushes Judian revolt and places Zedekiah, as puppit king, who reigns as the Last King of Judah for nine years until 586 BC.
586 BC Destruction of Jerusalem and Temple of Solomon by Nebuzarradan, under orders of King Nebuchadnezzar - The Babylonian Captivity and Exile of Judah begins
580 BC Birth of Cyrus the Great of Persia
578-535 Servius TARQUINIUS TULLIUS - Latin King of Rome, son in law of Tarquinius Priscus
575 BC City of Babylon becomes largest city in the ancient world of that time
570 BC Tower of Babal constructed in City of Babylon
562 BC Nebuchadnezzar age 84, King of Babylonia, dies.
559 BC Cyres the Great comes to power in Persia
550 BC Cyrus the Great founds Persian Empire - Temple of Artemis (called Temple of Diana by the Romans) built in Ephesus (Kucuk Menderes), W. Turkey.
550 BC Gold coins come into use in Sardis, Western Turkey
549 BC Belshazzar comes to power in Babylonia
546 BC Cyrus captures Croeses and Lydia becomes a satrapy under Persian government.
538 BC Cyrus the Great of Persia, conquers Babylonia, deposing King Belshazzar who saw "the writing on the wall" -" Mene Mene Tekel Upharson" - "Weighed in the balance and found wanting").
537 BC Cyrus King of Persia issues the famous edict ending the Babylonian Captivity of Judah, who return to Jerusalem to build 2nd (Zerubbabel's) Temple - Cuniform writing declines in use.
535 BC Construction on Isle of Samos of oldest known tunnel still in use, originally for water, now used by pedestrians between Greece and Turkey
535-510 Lucius TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, "The Proud" (Tarquin II) - Last Etruscan King of Rome
529 BC Death of Cyrus the Great of Persia
525 BC Persian conquest of Egypt - Cambyses becomes Pharaoh
525 BC Foot race, in armor, added to Olympic Games
522 BC Darius-I, "The Great" rules over Persia till 484BC
521 BC First written reference to Iron in China
515 BC Second (Zerubbabel's) Temple on Mount Moriah completed at Jerusalem, of which only the sacred "Western Wall" remains today
510 BC Tarquinius Superbus and other "Tarquins" expelled from Rome
Sources:
http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Mesochro.html
http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Anculture.html
http://www.legionxxiv.org/etruscantimeline/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Assyria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Babylon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_king_list
***
Assignment ko to sa Area Studies 124.. bara bara lang..tsk tsk.. wala ng time eh.. late ko na nga ito isusubmit eh.. Hay, wat's happening to me again? nagiging iresponsible na naman ako.
The Pig
Just while checking my flooded email address because of prof.roli i found this funny thing he sent attached with our exercises.
The Pig
If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee.
(Hardly seems worth it.)
If you farted consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb.
(Now that's more like it!)
The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.
(O.M.G.!)
A pig's orgasm lasts 30 minutes.
(In my next life, I want to be a pig.)
A cockroach will live nine days without its head before it starves to death. (Creepy.)
(I'm still not over the pig.)
Banging your head against a wall uses 150 calories an hour.
(Do not try this at home...... maybe at work.)
The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the male's head off.
("Honey, I'm home. What the....?!")
The flea can jump 350 times its body length. It's like a human jumping the length of a football field.
(30 minutes... lucky pig... can you imagine??)
The catfish has over 27,000 taste buds.
(What could be so tasty on the bottom of a pond?)
Some lions mate over 50 times a day.
(I still want to be a pig in my next life...quality over quantity)
Butterflies taste with their feet.
(Something I always wanted to know.)
The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.
(Hmmmmmm.... ....)
Right-handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people.
(If you're ambidextrous, do you split the difference?)
Elephants are the only animals that cannot jump.
(OK, so that would be a good thing....)
A cat's urine glows under a black light.
(I wonder who was paid to figure that out?)
An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.
(I know some people like that.)
Starfish have no brains.
(I know some people like that too.)
Polar bears are left-handed.
(If they switch, they'll live a lot longer.)
Humans and dolphins are the only species that have sex for pleasure.
(What about that pig??)
The Pig
If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee.
(Hardly seems worth it.)
If you farted consistently for 6 years and 9 months, enough gas is produced to create the energy of an atomic bomb.
(Now that's more like it!)
The human heart creates enough pressure when it pumps out to the body to squirt blood 30 feet.
(O.M.G.!)
A pig's orgasm lasts 30 minutes.
(In my next life, I want to be a pig.)
A cockroach will live nine days without its head before it starves to death. (Creepy.)
(I'm still not over the pig.)
Banging your head against a wall uses 150 calories an hour.
(Do not try this at home...... maybe at work.)
The male praying mantis cannot copulate while its head is attached to its body. The female initiates sex by ripping the male's head off.
("Honey, I'm home. What the....?!")
The flea can jump 350 times its body length. It's like a human jumping the length of a football field.
(30 minutes... lucky pig... can you imagine??)
The catfish has over 27,000 taste buds.
(What could be so tasty on the bottom of a pond?)
Some lions mate over 50 times a day.
(I still want to be a pig in my next life...quality over quantity)
Butterflies taste with their feet.
(Something I always wanted to know.)
The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue.
(Hmmmmmm.... ....)
Right-handed people live, on average, nine years longer than left-handed people.
(If you're ambidextrous, do you split the difference?)
Elephants are the only animals that cannot jump.
(OK, so that would be a good thing....)
A cat's urine glows under a black light.
(I wonder who was paid to figure that out?)
An ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain.
(I know some people like that.)
Starfish have no brains.
(I know some people like that too.)
Polar bears are left-handed.
(If they switch, they'll live a lot longer.)
Humans and dolphins are the only species that have sex for pleasure.
(What about that pig??)
Monday, October 23, 2006
Isang Kritikal na Pagtalakay sa Retraction Letter ni Dr. Jose Rizal
Isa sa mga natutunan ko sa pag-aaral sa unibersidad na ito ay dapat laging maging kritikal sa mga bagay bagay. Hindi dapat na basta nalang tinatanggap ang kung ano mang bagay na sabihin. Gayun pa man, ang sulating ito ay tatalakay ng parehong panig kung totoo nga ba ang retraksyong ginawa ni Rizal isang araw bago siya barilin sa Bagumbayan.
I declare that I am a Catholic, and in this religion, in which I was born and educated, I wish to live and die.
I retract with all my heart anything in my words, writings, publications and conduct that has been contrary to my character as a child of the Church. I believe and profess what it teaches. I submit to what it demands. I abominate Masonry as an enemy of the Church and as a society prohibited by it.
The Diocesan Prelate, as the superior ecclesiastical authority, may make this manifestation public. I declare this spontaneously, in order to repair any scandal which my acts may have caused and so that God and man may pardon me.
Jose Rizal
(Zaide,1961)
Ayon sa akdang “The Pride of the Malay Race: A Biography of Dr. Jose Rizal” may mga pangyayari sa kasaysayan na salungat sa sinasabing retraksyon na ginawa ni Jose Rizal.
Una, ang dokumento ng retraksyon ay itinago ng pagkahaba habang panahon at walang iba kundi ang mga autoridad lamang ang may karapatan na tumingin at makakita nito. Inilabas nga ito sa dyaryo ngunit wala itinago naman ang pinaka orihinal.
Ikalawa, nang hingin ng mga malapit na kamag-anak ni Rizal ang dokumento pati ang dokumento na nagpapatunay ng kasal ni Jose Rizal at Josephine Bracken ay hindi nila ito ibinigay pareho.
Ikatlo, kung sakaling totoo man ang retraksyon ay kinuwestiyon ni Ozeta (1949) kung bakit hindi pa rin binigyan ng magandang lamay si Rizal kasama ang kanyang mga malapit na kamag-anak at sa halip ay sa mga malapit lamang na kaibigan ng mga prayle ito inilagi bago ito ilibing.
Pang-apat, walang ni isang katoliko na makapagpatunay na ang lamay ay dinaluhan ng mga iba pang Katoliko.
Panlima, hindi tinuturing na isang Katolikong Sementeryo ang pinaglibingan kay Rizal at ang lugar na pinaglibingan sa kanya ay hindi man lamang nilagyan ng Krus sa ibabaw at tanging ang kanyang mga malapit an kamag-anak ang nakakaalam sa lugar.
Pang-anim, ang pangalan ni Jose Rizal sa listahan ng mga namatay noong Disyembre 30, 1896 ay hindi kasama at ito ay nasa isang especial na pahina kung saan naroon an gang especial na utos ng mga awtoridad. Kasama ni Rizal sa listahan ay ang isang taong hindi na makilala dahil sa ito ay namatay sa pagsunog sa kanyang katawan at ang isa pang lalaki na namatays sa pagpatay sa sarili. Kung tutuusin, gusto ipakita dito ni
Ozaeta na ang mga kasam ni Rizal sa listahan ay ang mga hindi Katoliko at ang mga ito ay mga namatay sa mga di maganadang kaparaanan at isa pa ang mga ito ay hindi nabigyan ng Kristiyanong libing.
Pangpito at ikahuli, sinabi rin ni Ozoeta sa kanyang akda na walang dahilan o motibo na maaaring maging dahilan ng retraksyon ni Rizal. (Ozoeta, 1949)
Ang mga argumentong ipinakita ni Ozoeta sa akdang ito ay mahina kung ikukukmapara sa akda ni Jose Hernandez na nagpapakita ng mga ebidensya.
Ang unang ebidensya na ipinakit ni Hernandez ay ang sinasabi niyang sa batas ay ang pinakamatibay rin na ebidensya. Ito ay ang mismong dokumento. Hindi lamang basta naglalaman ang dokumento ng pirma ni Rizal kundi ang buong dokumento ay naglalaman ng sulat kamay ni Rizal. Ang dokumento rin ay napag-aralan na ng mga eksperto. Isa sa mga ito ay sina Dr. Jose Del Rosario na ayon sa kanya ang dokumentong ito ay totoong sulat at pirma ni Rizal. Dahil sa Katoliko at taga-Ateneo si Dr. Del Rosario ay walang duda na pagdududahan ng pag-aaral na ginawa niya sa dokumento kung wala ba itong kinikilingan. Ang isa pa sa mga nag-aral ukol sa dukumento ay si Professor Otley Beyer na isang propesor, hindi taga-Ateneo at hindi rin siya isang Katoliko. Mainam
Ang ikalawang ebidensya na ipinakita ni Hernandez ay sinabi niyang direktang ebidensya. Ito ay ang testimoniya ng mga taong sinasabing nakasaksi nang ginawang retraksyon ni Rizal. Ang mga ito ay sina Father Viza, Fr.Pio Pi, Fr. Silvino Lopez Tunon, Archbishop Bernardino Nozaleda Gen. Rafael Dominguez, Fiscal Gaspar Castaño, Father Rosell, Father Vicente Balaguer, Luis Taviel De Andrade at Father Tomas Feijoo. Sabihin na nating maaring ang mga prayle ay hindi maging kapani-paniwala ang testimonya dahil sa prayle sila at maaring may maitim na dahilan at
Ang huling ebidensya na ibinigay ni Hernandez ay ang tinatawag niyang circumstantial na ebidensya.
Ayon sa kanya ang buong retraksyon ay inilathala sa dyaryo kinabukasan ng pagkakapatay kay Jose Rizal. Pinagtibay niya ang argumento na nabasa naman daw ito ng mga kaaway ng simbahan, ng mga mason, ngunit wala namang mga reklamo na narinig mula sa kanila. Maaring ang mga ito ay naniniwala sa retraksyon na ginawa ni Rizal at wala naman kailangang kuwestiyunin. Kahit ang mga kaibigan ni Rizal ay wala ring nagprotesta pagpapatibay pa uli ni Hernandez.
Isa pang ebidensya na ipinakita ni Hernandez ang nagpatibay at nakatulong na lalo pa ako maniwala sa retraksyon na ito ni Rizal ay ang pamphlet na ipinamigay noong February 28, 1897, ilang buwan makalipas ang retraksyon ni Rizal. Ito ay pinamagatang “La Politico de España en Filipinas” nakapaloob dito ang retraksyon ni Rizal kabilang ang sa iba pa na tulad ng kina Francisco Rojas, Ramon Padilla, Luis Villareal, Fustino Villareal, Moises Salvador, Jose Dizon, Antonio Salazar, Geronimo Cristobal, Medina, at General Antonio Luna.
Sumasang-ayon ako kay Hernandez na kung gawa gawa lang ang retraksyon ni Rizal ay hindi na kailanagan pang lokohin ang retraksyon na ginawa ng iba. Ipinapakita lamang dito na possible talaga na ang sulat na ginawa na iyon ni Rizal dahil hindi lamang siya at marami rin ang sumunod sa kanya o nagkataon na gumawa rin ng kanilang mga retraksyon na sulat laban sa Mason.
Ang panghuli na bibigyan ko ng diin ay ang pagkakakasal ni Jose Rizal at Josephine Bracken sa umaga ng bago siya patayin na may ebidensya ng parehong direkta at circumstantial. Ito ay sinabi ni Josephine Bracken at ng paring nagkasal sa kanila pati ng ilang saksi. At isa pa, sa libro ni Kempis na pinamagatang “Imitation of Christ” ay tinawag ni Rizal si Josephine na “To my dear and unhappy wife”. Sa ibang akda sinasabing di kapanipaniwala ang mga testimonya ni Josephine pero kahit ano pa amn ay naniniwala ako sa retarksyin an ginawa ni Rizal.
Isa pa sa mga napapansin ko sa mga pelikula ay mayroong
Sumasang-ayon ako kay Locsin 1978 na matalino si Rizal ngunit alam ni Rizal na ang talino niya ay hindi makapagliligtas sa kanya pero binigay parin sa kanya iyon ng Diyos. Alam ko din na naniniwala si Rizal sa Diyos ngunit ayaw niya ng sistema ng mga prayle hindi ng sistema ng Diyos. Kaya tulad nga rin ng nabanggit ni Locsin, nais ni Rizal na mahanap ang daan patungo sa Diyos sa kanyang kaparaanan ng hindi dumadaan sa mga mapanirang mga prayle.
Hindi naman nakakabawas sa pagkatao, pagka-Pilipino at pagkabayani ni Rizal ang retraksyong ito na ginawa niya. Sa kabilang buhay ay hindi naman siya ililigtas ng mga isinulat niya at ng talino niya.
Kung susuriin din mismo ang kanyang liham ay ang mason lamang naman ang kanyang binibitawan hindi ang kanyang pagiging nasyonalismo at pagmamahal sa bayan. Nagawa na niya ang mga dapat niyang gawin para sa bayan at ginawa niya ang retraksyon para sa kaniyang sarili. Para sa kanyang buhay sa kabilang buhay.
Kahit sa huling hugto ng kanyang buhay ay ipinakita pa rin niya ang pagiging isang ehemplo kaya naman marimi ang sumunod sa kanya na gumawa ng sulat ng retraksyon sa mason.
Matalino si Rizal, alam niyang may Diyos, maaaring ito rin ang isa sa mga dahilan kung bakit panatag na ang kalooban niya simula ng gumising siya sa araw na yaon ng pagbitay sa kanya. Ito ay dahil sa inilagak na niya ang kanyang buhay kay Hesus at ganon din para sa bayan.
Bibliography
Ozaeta, R. (1949). The Pride of the Malay Race: A Biography of Jose Rizal.
Hernandez, Jose, E. A. De Ocampo & Z. C. Ella. (1950). Rizal Caravan.
Locsin, T. (1978). The Heroic Confession: A Novel.
Zaide, G. F., Ph.D. (1961). Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings.
Cavanna, J. M., C.M. & C. da Silva. (1961). Most Contested and Ever Incontestable, The Story of Rizal’s Retraction and the latest Canards around it.
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